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The Scientific Revolution

The Scientific Revolution. What is the Scientific Revolution?. What: A new way of thinking about the natural world Based on observation and a willingness to question accepted beliefs When: Began in Mid 1500’s through 1700’s (16th - 18th centuries) Where: Throughout Europe.

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The Scientific Revolution

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  1. The Scientific Revolution

  2. What is the Scientific Revolution? • What: A new way of thinking about the natural world • Based on observation and a willingness to question accepted beliefs • When: Began in Mid 1500’s through 1700’s (16th - 18th centuries) • Where: Throughout Europe

  3. Before the Scientific revolution... • Medieval Thought • Geocentrism • Earth = center of universe • Sun moves around earth • Why this view? • Observations • Christianity taught that God created earth at center of universe

  4. Why change Now? • Renaissance -> Greek writings • Translation of Muslim works -> new sciences • Exploration -> discoveries • Printing Press -> transmission of ideas • Reformation -> challenging of the church

  5. The Scientists • Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543); Polish • Heliocentric Theory : planets revolve around the sun • Johannes Kepler ( 1571- 1630); German • Planets moved around sun in ellipses not circles. • Mathematically demonstrated Copernicus premise was true

  6. The Scientists • Galileo Galilei (1564 - 1642); Italian • Improved the telescope and used it to prove Copernican theory (heliocentric) • Laws of motion • Father of observational astronomy • Tried before the Inquisition in 1633 on accounts of heresy for supporting Copernican theory. He relinquished his beliefs under threat of torture. • Died under house arrest.

  7. <-- Francis Bacon Rene Descartes -->

  8. The Scientists • Francis Bacon (1561-1626); English • Developed the experimental method/scientific method ( also called empiricism) • Rene Descartes (1596 - 1650); French • Mathematician - Cartesian geometry • Believed in the importance of logic and reason • Doubt everything! • “ I think, therefore I am”

  9. The Scientists • Francis Bacon (1561-1626); English • Developed the experimental method/scientific method ( also called empiricism) • Rene Descartes (1596 - 1650); French • Mathematician - Cartesian geometry • Believed in the importance of logic and reason • Doubt everything! • “ I think, therefore I am”

  10. The Scientists • Sir Isaac Newton (1642 - 1727); English • Newtonian Physics - same rule that applies to motion of planets applies on earth • Laws of motion and universal gravity • Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy

  11. The Technology • Scientific Instruments • 1590 - Microscope invented by Zacharias Janssen • 1670 - Anton van Leeuwenhoek used microscope to observe bacteria, red blood cells, maggots • 1724 - Thermometer - Gabriel Fahrenheit • 1742 - Celsius Thermometer - Anders Celsius

  12. Medicine and the Human body • 1543 - Andre Vesalius published first book on observations while dissecting human corpse • 1623 - William Harvey showed the heart pumps blood through the body • 1796- Edward Jenner - vaccine for smallpox

  13. The Enlightenment • Welcome to the Age of Reason

  14. Thomas Hobbes(1558 - 1679) • English • Leviathan (1651) • To escape a bleak life, people gave up their rights to a strong ruler • Saw destruction from English Civil War and believed a strong monarch was needed

  15. John Locke (1632-1704) • English • Two Treatise on Government (1690) • Natural Rights - Life, Liberty, Property • Favored self government - If government does not suit the people, it should be overthrown • Lived during Glorious Revolution and English Bill of Rights

  16. The Philosophes • French Philosophers • Five core concepts • 1. Reason • 2. Nature • 3. Happiness • 4. Progress • 5. Liberty

  17. Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712 - 1778) • Swiss / French • The Social Contract (1762) • Believed civilization corrupted people • Only good government is one created by free individuals who consent -> this is his social contract • All people are equal • Grew up in a lower class family and disliked decadent French society, the nobility, and saw the negatives of absolute rule

  18. Baron de Montesquieu (1689 - 1775) • French • On the Spirit of Laws (1748) • Separation of powers - division between law makers, judges, and executive power • Checks and Balances • Looked to British Constitutional Monarchy

  19. Voltaire (1694 - 1778) • French • Various writings in history, poetry, and prose - Ex. Candide (1759) • Used satire to criticize clergy, nobles, french court • Believed in tolerance, religious freedom, freedom of speech • Sent to prison by French court, persecuted by French king and bishops

  20. Mary Wollstonecraft (1759- 1797) • English • A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) • Women’s rights • Women should be educated, not just pretty objects • Influenced by English Bill of Rights and expansion of rights for men in England

  21. Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794) • Italian • Crimes and Punishment (1764) • Laws existed to preserve social order not to punish crimes • Punishment should fit the crime • Influenced by poor criminal justice system in Italy up to this point as well as by other Enlightenment thinkers.

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