World War II 1933-1945

1. World War II 1933-1945

2. World Affairs, 1933-1939 New Deal Foreign Policy • President Franklin D. Roosevelt is inaugurated in 1933 • “Good Neighbor” pledge: - to respect the sovereign rights of all nations in the Western Hemisphere • Peaceful Intentions in Latin America • Pan-American Conference at Montevideo (Uruguay): - The US agreed to the resolution that “no state has the right to intervene in the internal affairs of another” • Roosevelt recalls troops from Haiti and Nicaragua • Peaceful diplomatic negotiations made with Cuba and Mexico

3. World Affairs, 1933-1939 • Franklin Delano Roosevelt 1933 – 1945

4. World Affairs, 1933-1939 • Domestic Recovery Determines Foreign Decisions • Roosevelt’s New Deal = economic isolation: - US not interested in cooperating with Europe and concentrated on internal agricultural and industrial production problems • 1933 London Conference: - 60 European nation met to discuss international depression - Roosevelt refuses to cooperate in fear that American farm prices would inflate • Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934: - initiated by Secretary of State Cordell Hull - allowed State Department to make treaties with other countries to mutually lower import duties

5. World Affairs, 1933-1939 III. Recognition of the Soviet Union • The United States recognized the government of the Soviet Union after years of refusing to recognize their communist regime • Soviet Union’s communist influence diminished due to internal economic hardships • Japan, the USSR’s rival, also threatened Soviet power • Roosevelt took advantage of the Soviet’s need for food and industrial equipment and therefore opened markets for American farmers and manufacturers • Although relations between the Soviet Union and the United States improved, trade was not significantly improved and Japanese militarism continued to grow

6. World Affairs, 1933-1939 • Stalin (USSR) • Hirohito (Japan)

7. World Affairs, 1933-1939 Aggression and Appeasement • Global affairs and events caused for alarm and American isolation quickly came to an end I. Japanese Expansion in the Pacific • Japanese pursued policy of expansion due to population growth and a need for larger markets for its products • September 1931: Japan ignored orders from United Nations to return Manchuria

8. World Affairs, 1933-1939 II. Threats from Germany and Italy • March 5, 1933: Adolf Hitler and his National Socialist (Nazi) party was voted leader and dictator of Germany with plans to control central and eastern Europe • Dictator Benito Mussolini had similar plans to control the Mediterranean and to expand an Italian empire in parts of Africa • Fascism = a form of government that seeks power for their nation • Totalitarianism = total control of a nation and the people of that nation - both Hitler and Mussolini adopted fascism and totalitarianism as their ruling doctrine • Both countries blamed their national problems on “undesirables” after WWI - Mussolini blamed the communists for causing strikes and social unrest - Hitler blamed the Jews for Germany’s economic problems

9. World Affairs, 1933-1939 III. Bargaining for Peace • Appeasement = response of Great Britain and France; a policy that gave aggressor nations what they wanted in order to avoid war • Americans wanted peace and did not want to go to war • Pacifism = Oxford University students refused to go to war on any account • Munich Conference (Sept. 1938): British and French leaders allow Germany to annex part of Czechoslovakia in return for Hitler’s promise not to make any more territorial demands

10. World Affairs, 1933-1939 IV. Neutrality • The United States was determined to avoid war, especially after the economic devastation from the First World War • Neutrality Acts (1935-1937): laws passed by Congress that barred the transportation of or sale of arms to nations at war, and banned loans to nations at war outside the Western Hemisphere • Roosevelt feared that American involvement in war was inevitable and therefore warned Americans that war was “contagious”

11. Moving Closer to War Europe at War • March, 1939 : Hitler disobeyed agreement made at Munich Conference and annexed the rest of Czechoslovakia, as well as demanded for territory in Poland • Britain and France asked the Soviet Union to join their alliance in order to defend Poland and contain Germany • Joseph Stalin signed nonaggression pact with Germany

12. Moving Closer to War I. Outbreak of War • September 1, 1939: Germany invades Poland • Blitzkrieg = “lightening warfare” (term coined after Hitler’s brutal attack on Poland) • September 3, 1939: Britain and France declare war on Germany • American Congress lifted Neutrality Acts and allowed Britain and France to buy weapons II. Near Disaster at Dunkirk • May 1940: German forces defeated Allied Army and drove it out to sea at the French town of Dunkirk on Belgium border • 300,000 + British and French troops rescued by British Royal Navy

13. Moving Closer to War III. Battle of Britain • June 1940: Italy invaded France and declared war on Great Britain • Roosevelt promised to extend aid to the democracies • June 22: France surrendered • Germany attacked a vulnerable Great Britain • “blood, toil, tears, and sweat…” = Winston Churchill pledged to defend his nation at all costs

14. Moving Closer to War America Abandons Neutrality • Roosevelt disregarded isolationist sentiments and gave Churchill a loan of 50 destroyers to protect shipping from German submarines I. America Realizes its Peril • Americans feared an invasion from Hitler and Mussolini • Selective Service Act (Sept. 1940): first peacetime draft that added 800,000 men to the armed forces II. Roosevelt’s Leadership Endorsed • Presidential election of 1940: Isolationists versus Internationalists • Roosevelt re-elected and promised to keep America out of the war III. Aid to a Desperate Britain • Lend-lease = US would lend goods to Great Britain and the British could pay it back after the war

15. Moving Closer to War IV. Battle for the Atlantic • The United States had to make sure that lend-lease supplies reached their destinations before German U-boats sank them • Roosevelt ordered the US Navy to protect merchant shipping • October 1941: German U-boat sank an American destroyer and killed more than 90 members of its crew • Neutrality Acts revised, which allowed merchant ships to carry arms V. Germany Turns on an Ally • June 1941: Hitler attacked Russia for wheat and oil supplies • As a result, Stalin signed an alliance with Great Britain and the United States • Isolationism faded in support for Roosevelt

16. Moving Closer to War Aggression in the Pacific • European colonies in Southeast Asia • US was the only remaining obstacle Japanese had moved into China and to Japanese ambitions in the Pacific I. Embargo • September 1940: Japan allied with Axis Powers (Germany and Italy) • US cut off exports of scrap metal to Japan and other products with possible military use • July 1941: Japan refused to abandon their policy of conquest and the US stopped all trade with them and ordered American forces in the Pacific to prepare for war

17. Moving Closer to War II. Appeal for Peace • October 18, 1941: Japanese Prime Minister Konoye resigned because he did not believe that he could defeat the United States • Konoye was replaced by General Hideki Tojo who favored war to eliminate American and British influence in Asia • Negotiations opened in Washington, D.C. in November of 1941 III. The Talks Stall • December 6, 1941: President Roosevelt appealed for peace to Emperor Hirohito • However, Japan had already sent out fleet to sea that headed for the US’s main naval base in the Pacific – Pearl Harbor

18. The United States at War The World at War • December 7, 1941: Japan attacked Pearl Harbor • Japanese Victories in the Pacific • For 6 months, Japan captured American bases and conquered British colonies throughout the Pacific • American forces in the Philippines surrendered to the Japanese • German Success in Europe • By 1942, German forces occupied nearly all of Europe, parts of Northern Africa (eg, the Suez Canal), and they had pushed deep into the Soviet Union • Turning Point of the War • September 1942: Soviet’s Red Army battled German troops at Stalingrad • November 1942: German army was defeated due to freezing winter conditions

19. IV. German Weak Point Exposed German campaign in North Africa came to an end after American and British forces pushed German troops into Tunisia August 1943: the Italian mainland was invaded and its government surrendered after Mussolini’s defeat in Sicily Allied forces faced fierce German resisted, who continued to control northern Italy The United States at War

20. The United States at War Victory in Europe • American and British forces prepared to defeat Hitler’s armies I. Normandy Invasion • June 6, 1944: 176,000 Allied troops landed along a 60-mile stretch of coastline in France = “D-Day” invasion • General Dwight D. Eisenhower led American forces and General George Patton led British forces into the western border of Germany (Aug.1944) II. Rapid Soviet Advance from the East • At the same time, the Soviets closed in from the east • By the end of 1944, most of eastern Europe was in Soviet hands

21. The United States at War III. Germany Surrenders • December 1944: Battle of the Bulge = last German offensive to attack Belgium • Allied forces crushed Hitler’s armies from the west as Soviet forces pushed from the east • April 1945: Hitler committed suicide • May 7, 1945: German leaders agreed to an official surrender • President Roosevelt died before he could see Germany surrender IV. Crimes Against Humanity • When Allied armies entered Germany, they discovered the horrific truth about the Holocaust • As early as 1942, the US government had received reports that Hitler had ordered the extermination of Jews, but Roosevelt did not respond until 1944 • By the time Allied troops reached the death camps, 12 million people had perished; 6 million were Jews

22. The United States at War

23. The United States at War War in the Pacific • Battle of Midway = first major defeat of the Japanese navy that ended their superiority in the Pacific • “Island hopping” = to cut Japanses supply lines by capturing key islands and to use them as bases to attack other Japanese occupancies I. Guadalcanal • American marines landed on Guadalcanal in August 1942 in the Solomon Islands where they fought the Japanese for 6 months • Japan’s resistance came to an end in 1943 • October 1944: American General Douglas MacArthur led Allied forces in the Philippines

24. The United States at War II. Iwo Jima and Okinawa • 1945: the last of Japan’s islands outposts fell with the taking of Iwo Jima and Okinawa with high casualties rates on both sides • Because Germany was defeated, the Soviet Union agreed to declare war on Japan and confronted Japanese forces in Manchuria • Japan rejected calls for unconditional surrender III. Hiroshima and Nagasaki • Early in the war, American scientists had secretly been developing an atomic bomb • August 6, 1945: after Japan rejected a final warning from Truman (who became president after Roosevelt’s death), an atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima and destroyed 60% of the city • A second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki after Japan still refused to surrender • September 2, 1945: Japan’s final surrender took place on the battleship Missouri in Tokyo Bay

25. The United States at War

26. The United States at War Wartime Diplomacy • Atlantic Charter: on January 1, 1942, representatives of the 26 countries at war with the Axis Powers agreed to support this charter that promised full economic and military support • Roosevelt and Churchill were the predominant leaders • Cooperation with the Soviet Union proved to be the most difficult challenge, but the alliance between the United States, Great Britain and the Soviet Union lasted until the end of the war I. Planning for War and Peace • Plans for war and peace were worked out in a series of international conferences - January 1943: Casablanca, Morocco - November 1943: Cairo, egypt -November 1943: Tehran, Iran (D-Day invasion was planned here)

27. The United States at War II. Yalta Conference • February 1945: Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met for the last time where they agreed that the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and France should occupy Germany after the war • Soviet Union was promised Japanese territories and in return Stalin agreed to support the Nationalist government instead of the Communists III. Roosevelt’s Death • 2 months after the Yalta Conference, President Roosevelt died (Apr.12, 1945) and left the American people shocked and deeply saddened IV. The United Nations • 2 weeks after Roosevelt’s death, 50 nations met at San Francisco to make plans for a new world organization • Produced a charter for the United Nations (UN) that pledged “faith in fundamental human rights,” to “justice and respect” from all countries that had signed • US was the first nation to join the UN

28. War on the Home Front The Production Battle • After a Senate investigation revealed corruption and mismanagement of private companies involved in war production, Roosevelt gave a War Production Board regulatory power (1942) headed by Donald Nelson I. Rapid Conversion to War Production • By the end of 1942, nearly 33% of American production went to war materials (50% by 1944) • May 1941: Office of Scientific Research and Development established to mobilize science and technology for the war effort II. Financing the War • Increased taxes and war bonds were initiated to raise funds for the war • The war increased employment, wages, and consumer goods • Office of Price Administration (1942): set price ceilings on consumer products and rationed goods that were in short supply in order to combat inflation

29. War on the Home Front Financing the war continued… • National War Labor Board: established to settle labor disputes by mediation • No strike pledges by major unions AFL & CIO

30. War on the Home Front The War and Social Change • As men joined the army, more women that ever entered the work force I. Women Assume Nontraditional Roles • Women were encouraged to join the work force • “Rosie the Riveter” = national symbol of the vital contribution women made to the war effort • Women filled “nontraditional” roles (worked on production lines, steel mills and other jobs that required manual labor, as well as truck and bus drivers) • However, women still encountered resistance from male workers

31. War on the Home Front

32. War on the Home Front II. Opportunities for African Americans • The need for workers also spread the shift of African Americans from farming to manufacturing • Many African Americans left the South and headed North to find jobs in factories III. Resentment Toward Social Change • Because many Americans moved to fill jobs in war industries, this caused housing shortages, crowded schools, and social tension rose • Prejudice and resentment against newcomers prevailed • Fair Employment Practices Commission: established to protect minority hiring in government offices and in companies that had war contracts - opposed discrimination but did not reject segregation

33. War on the Home Front IV. Detention of Japanese Americans • February 1942: US government moved 110,000 Japanese Americans to detention centers (most of whom had been born in the United States) • Japanese Americans had to leave behind or sell their possessions • In detention centers, they were forced to work low-paying jobs and lived in very poor conditions • Detainees appealed to the courts for their rights, but the justices upheld the government’s policy for national security

34. Conclusion • 400,000 deaths / 600,000 USA wounded • Rise of USSR would lead to a Cold War between USA and USSR • Fear of nuclear annihilation for over 40 yrs