Franklin Roosevelt (1933-1945)

2. Franklin Roosevelt (1933-1945) • Good Neighbor Policy • World War II • Manhattan Project • United Nations

3. Good Neighbor Policy • Determined to improve relations with the nations of Central and South America • Declaration favored by most nations of the Western Hemisphere: "No state has the right to intervene in the internal or external affairs of another” • Attempt to distance the United States from earlier interventionist policies, such as the Roosevelt Corollary and military interventions in the region during the 1910s and 1920s. http://www.state.gov

4. World War II (1939 – 1945) • International conflict principally between the Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan) and the Allied Powers (France, Britain, the U.S., the Soviet Union, and China.) • Pearl Harbor • European Invasion • Pacific Front • Manhattan Project http://www.history.com/media.do?id=v2t10&action=clip

5. http://www.history.com/media.do?action=clip&id=d1t30 (Einstein) Manhattan Project • In 1939, the Nazis were rumored to be developing an atomic bomb. • The United States initiated its own program under the Army Corps of Engineers in June 1942. America needed to build an atomic weapon before Germany or Japan did. http://www.history.com/media.do?action=clip&id=tdih_0716 (atomic bomb)

6. United Nations The United Nations is central to global efforts to solve problems that challenge humanity. The United Nations works to promote respect for human rights, protect the environment, fight disease and reduce poverty. UN agencies define the standards for safe and efficient air travel and help improve telecommunications and enhance consumer protection. The United Nations leads the international campaigns against drug trafficking and terrorism. Throughout the world, the UN and its agencies assist refugees, set up programs to clear landmines, help expand food production and lead the fight against AIDS. http://www.un.org http://www.history.com/media.do?action=clip&id=speech_286

7. Harry S. Truman (1945-1953) • Hiroshima/Nagasaki • Truman Doctrine • The State of Israel • Marshall Plan • Berlin Airlift • Korean Conflict (War) • China (no recognition) • Creation of NATO

8. Hiroshima/Nagasaki Atomic Catastrophe • The point of total vaporization from the blast measured one half of a mile in diameter. Total destruction ranged at one mile in diameter. Severe blast damage carried as far as two miles in diameter. At two and a half miles, everything flammable in the area burned. The remaining area of the blast zone was riddled with serious blazes that stretched out to the final edge at a little over three miles in diameter. • 66,000 people were killed and 69,000 people were injured by a 10 kiloton atomic explosion. • Nagasaki's population dropped in one split-second from 422,000 to 383,000. 39,000 were killed, over 25,000 were injured. • http://www.history.com/media.do?id=mf1_atomicbombings_63&action=clip (hiroshima video clip) • http://www.buzzle.com

9. Truman Doctrine • After the catastrophe of WWII, Great Britain could no longer provide financial aid to the governments of Greece and Turkey • President Harry S. Truman asked for $400 million in military and economic assistance for Greece and Turkey and established a doctrine, aptly characterized the Truman Doctrine, that would guide U.S. diplomacy for the next forty years. President Truman declared, "It must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures." • Truman Doctrine signaled America's post war embrace of global leadership and ended its longstanding policy of isolationism. http://www.trumanlibrary.org

10. Marshall Plan The primary plan of the United States for rebuilding and creating a stronger foundation for the allied countries of Europe, and repelling communism after World War II. Give $ to stop the spread of communism

11. Creation of Israel DECEMBER 1917 British conquest of Palestine APRIL 1920 British Mandate over Palestine issued NOVEMBER 1947United Nations votes to partition Palestine into independent Jewish and Arab states MAY 1947 Creation of the State of Israel; U.S. and Soviet Union extend recognition; Creation of Israel Defense Forces www.adl.org

12. Berlin Airlift • The city of Berlin, although located in the eastern Soviet half, was also divided into four sectors --West Berlin occupied by Allied interests and East Berlin occupied by Soviets. In June 1948, the Soviet Union attempted to control all of Berlin by cutting surface traffic to and from the city of West Berlin. Starving out the population and cutting off their business was their method of gaining control. The Truman administration reacted with a continual daily airlift which brought much needed food and supplies into the city of West Berlin. This Airbridge to Berlin lasted until the end of September of 1949---although on May 12, 1949, the Soviet government yielded and lifted the blockade. • www.tumanlibrary.org

13. Chinese Revolution (1949) • China became communist and the nationalists fled to Taiwan. • Truman did NOT recognize The People’s Republic of China because it was COMMUNIST

14. NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization Establishes a system of collective security whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party. http://www.nato.int/

15. Dwight Eisenhower (1953-1961) • Korean Conflict • USSR Arms Race • Hydrogen Bomb

16. Korean War • Conflict to stop the spread of communism • 1951-1953 • Stalemate (No change) • “War” between China (North Korea) and the United States (South Korea)

17. Arms Race Competition between USA and USSR to build the most nuclear weapons (Atomic, Hydrogen, etc.

18. Hydrogen Bomb

19. John F. Kennedy (1961-1963) • Bay of Pigs Invasion • Cuban Missile Crisis • Vietnam

20. Bay of Pigs Invasion • In 1961, the United States launched an attack on Cuba meant to overthrow Castro's government.  • Though the aid and training given to the Cuban exiles was substantial, they suffered total defeat and created a humiliating situation for the United States.  • In the end, the attack only increased Cubans' support of Fidel Castro. historyofcuba.com

21. Cuban Missile Crisis • Almost World War III • 13 Days

22. Vietnam • In May 1961, President Kennedy sent 500 more American advisers to Vietnam, bringing American forces to 1,400 men. • The leader of South Vietnam, Diem, attacked Buddhist communities, etc. • Kennedy agreed for the CIA to assist in a South Vietnamese army coup against Diem. • On November 2, 1963, Diem was assassinated. jfklibrary.org

23. Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969) • Gulf of Tonkin Resolution • Vietnam War

24. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution • Started the Vietnam War • Johnson said that North Vietnamese attacked US planes • He lied to escalate the conflict into a war • To justify a defensive war http://www.history.com/media.do?action=clip&id=hf_gulf_of_tonkin_broadband

25. 1965-1973 • Only War US Lost • Did not stop the spread of communism Vietnam War

26. Richard Nixon (1969-1974) http://www.history.com/media.do?action=clip&id=tdih_mar29_broadband(ending war) • Vietnam • Chinese recognition • SALT • “Vietnamization” • Laos/Cambodia • Indo-Pakistan War • Détente http://www.history.com/media.do?action=clip&id=tdih_mar29_broadband (End of Vietnam)

27. The plan was to encourage the South Vietnamese to take more responsibility for fighting the war. It was hoped that this policy would eventually enable the United States to withdraw gradually all their soldiers from Vietnam. (madman theory/Phoenix program) Spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk Vietnamization

28. Détente Arms limitation, relative security, linkage of issues, building block approach Kissinger (Secretary of State) believed "peace was not a universal realization of one nation's desires, but a general acceptance of a concept of international order."wikipedia.org

29. Indo-Pakistan War of 1971 India V. Pakistan over what is now Bangladesh US backed Pakistan (hoping to keep USSR out of the region) The war ended in a crushing defeat for the Pakistani military in just a fortnight. US backed Pakistan because of the fear of USSR France/Britain supported India and Bangladesh rebels

30. Gerald Ford (1974-1977) • Fall of Saigon (Vietnam) • End of Vietnam War • Helsinki Accords http://www.history.com/media.do?action=listing&sortBy=1&sortOrder=A&topic=GREAT%20SPEECHES (Ford pardons Nixon)

31. Helsinki Accords Representatives of thirty-five nations gathered in Helsinki, Finland, in 1975 for a Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe. The Final Act of the Conference, known as the Helsinki Accords, sets forth a number of basic human rights: "The participating States will respect human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief, for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion. "They will promote and encourage the effective exercise of civil, political, economic, social, cultural, and other rights and freedoms all of which derive from the inherent dignity of the human person and are essential for his free and full development. "Within this framework the participating States will recognize and respect the freedom of the individual to profess and practice, alone or in community with others, religion or belief acting in accordance with the dictates of his own conscience. "The participating States on whose territory national minorities exist will respect the right of persons belonging to such minorities to equality before the law, will afford them the full opportunity for the actual enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms and will, in this manner, protect their legitimate interests in this sphere. "The participating States recognize the universal significance of human rights and fundamental freedoms, respect for which is an essential factor for the peace, justice and well-being necessary to ensure the development of friendly relations and co-operation among themselves as among all States."

32. Fall of Saigon The fall of the city was preceded by the evacuation or flight of almost all the Americans in Saigon, along with tens of thousands of South Vietnamese. The evacuation culminated in Operation Frequent Wind, the largest helicopter evacuation in history.

33. SALT Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty SALT I, the first series of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, extended from November 1969 to May 1972

34. Jimmy Carter (1977-1981) • Arab-Israeli Conflict • Camp David Accords • SALT II • Afghanistan • Iranian Hostage Crisis http://www.history.com/media.do?action=clip&id=tdih_mar26_broadband

35. Camp David Accords Egypt, Israel and United States negotiate a cease-fire peace treaty for the Middle East Three parts. • Framework for negotiations to establish an autonomous self-governing authority in the West Bank and the Gaza strip and to fully implement SC 242. • The second agreement outlined a basis for the peace treaty 6 months later, in particular deciding the future of the Sinai peninsula. Israel agreed to withdraw its armed forces from the Sinai, evacuate its 4,500 civilian inhabitants, and restore it to Egypt in return for normal diplomatic relations with Egypt, guarantees of freedom of passage through the Suez Canal and other nearby waterways (such as the Straits of Tiran), and a restriction on the forces Egypt could place on the Sinai peninsula, especially within 20-40 km from Israel. Israel also agreed to limit its forces a smaller distance (3 km) from the Egyptian border, and to guarantee free passage between Egypt and Jordan. • The agreement also resulted in the United States committing to several billion dollars worth of annual subsidies to the governments of both Israel and Egypt, subsidies which continue to this day.

36. AFGHANISTAN WAR 1978–92, conflict between anti-Communist Muslim Afghan guerrillas (mujahidin) and Afghan government and Soviet forces. The conflict had its origins in the 1978 coup that overthrew Afghan president Sardar Muhammad Daud Khan, who had come to power by ousting the king in 1973. The president was assassinated and a pro-Soviet Communist government under Noor Mohammed Taraki was established. In 1979 another coup, which brought Hafizullah Amin to power, provoked an invasion (Dec., 1979) by Soviet forces and the installation of Babrak Karmal as president. The Soviet invasion, which sparked Afghan resistance, intially involved an estimated 30,000 troops, a force that ultimately grew to 100,000. The mujahidin were supported by aid from the United States, China, and Saudi Arabia, channeled through Pakistan, and from Iran. Although the USSR had superior weapons and complete air control, the rebels successfully eluded them. The conflict largely settled into a stalemate, with Soviet and government forces controlling the urban areas, and the Afghan guerrillas operating fairly freely in mountainous rural regions. As the war progressed, the rebels improved their organization and tactics and began using imported and captured weapons, including U.S. antiaircraft missiles, to neutralize the technological advantages of the USSR. In 1986, Karmal resigned and Mohammad Najibullah became h ead of a collective leadership. In Feb., 1988, President Mikhail Gorbachev announced the withdrawal of USSR troops, which was completed one year later. Soviet citizens had become increasingly discontented with the war, which dragged on without success but with continuing casualties. In the spring of 1992, Najibullah's government collapsed and, after 14 years of rule by the People's Democratic party, Kabul fell to a coalition of mujahidin under the military leadership of Ahmed Shah Massoud. The war left Afghanistan with severe political, economic, and ecological problems. More than 1 million Afghans died in the war and 5 million became refugees in neighboring countries. In addition, 15,000 Soviet soldiers were killed and 37,000 wounded. Economic production was drastically curtailed, and much of the land laid waste. At the end of the war more than 5 million mines saturated approximately 2% of the country, where they will pose a threat to human and animal life well into the 21st cent. The disparate guerrilla forces that had triumphed proved unable to unite, and Afghanistan became divided into spheres of control. These political divisions set the stage for the rise of the Taliban later in the decade. Aided Afghanistan in liberation from USSR CIA provided training and support to rebel fighters (Osama, etc.)

37. SALT II

38. Iranian Hostage Crisis • On November 4, 1979, Iranian militants stormed the United States Embassy in Tehran and took approximately 70 Americans captive. • This terrorist act triggered the most profound crisis of the Carter presidency and began a personal ordeal for Jimmy Carter and the American people that lasted 444 days. Reasons: 1. The U.S. allowed the past Shah to come to America for cancer treatment • The exiled Ayatollah Khomeini returned to Tehran in February 1979 and whipped popular discontent into rabid anti-Americanism. • Iranian militants to attack the U.S. On November 4, the American Embassy in Tehran was overrun and its employees taken captive. jimmycarterlibrary.org

39. Ronald Reagan (1981-1989) • Arms Race • Glasnost • SDI • Iran-Contra Affair • End of Cold War • Fall of Berlin Wall

40. Arms Race After SALT and SALT II, the United States returned to rearmament and tried to restart the arms race through the production of new weapons and anti-weapons systems. The central part of this strategy was the Strategic Defense Initiative, a space based anti-ballistic missile system derided as "Star Wars" by its critics.

41. Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) • SDI’s focus was to use ground-based and space-based systems to protect the United States from attack by strategic nuclear ballistic missiles. • An early focus of the project was to be a curtain of X-ray lasers powered by nuclear explosions. The curtain was to be deployed, first by a series of missiles launched from submarines during the critical seconds following a Soviet attack, then later by satellites and powered by nuclear warheads built into the satellites • In theory, the energy from the warhead detonation was to pump a series of laser emitters in the missiles or satellites and produce an impenetrable barrier to incoming warheads.

42. Glasnost A Russian word for "transparency" or "openness." Mikhail Gorbachev used the term to describe a program of reform introduced to the Soviet Union in 1985 whose goals included combating corruption and the abuse of privilege by the political classes. In the broadest sense, it aimed to liberalize freedom of the press gradually, and to allow for freedom of dissent.

43. Iran-Contra Affair • Illegally sell arms to Iran,an avowed enemy, and used the proceeds to fund, also illegally, the Contras, a right-wing guerrilla organization in Nicaragua. • After the arms sales were revealed in November 1986, President Ronald Reagan appeared on national television and denied that they had occurred. However, a week later, he returned to the airwaves to affirm that weapons were indeed transferred to Iran. He denied that they were part of an exchange for hostages.

46. Fall of Berlin Wall

47. End of Cold War On the 9th of November, 1989, the Border separating Western from Eastern Germany was effectively opened The Fall of the Berlin Wall will always be used as a symbol for the end of the Cold War

48. George H.W. Bush (1989-1993) • Invasion of Panama • Persian Gulf War • Soviet Union Break-up • NAFTA

49. Invasion of Panama Bush Speech, 1989 1. Safeguarding the lives of U.S. citizens in Panama. In his statement, Bush claimed that Noriega had declared that a state of war existed between the United States and Panama and that he also threatened the lives of the approximately 35,000 Americans living there. There had been numerous clashes between U.S. and Panamanian forces; one American had been killed a few days earlier and several incidents of harassment of Americans had taken place. 2. Defending democracy and human rights in Panama. Earlier that year Noriega had nullified presidential elections that had been won by candidates from opposition parties. 3. Combating drug trafficking. Panama had become a center for drug money laundering and a transit point for drug trafficking to the United States and Europe. Noriega had been singled out for direct involvement in these drug trafficking operations. 4. Protecting the integrity of the Torrijos-Carte Treaties. Members of Congress and others in the U.S. political establishment claimed that Noriega threatened the neutrality of the Panama Canal and that the United States had the right under the treaties to intervene militarily to protect the canal.

50. Persian Gulf War (August 1990–February 1991) A conflict between Iraq and a coalition force of approximately 30 nations led by the United States and mandated by the United Nations in order to liberate Kuwait.