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Exploring the Effects of Different Levels of Formality (Beautification) on the Design Process

Exploring the Effects of Different Levels of Formality (Beautification) on the Design Process. Louise Yeung (MSc student - Psychology) Supervisors: Dr Brenda Lobb, Dr Beryl Plimmer, Dr Douglas Elliffe. Overview:. Background Purpose of study Experimental Design Results

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Exploring the Effects of Different Levels of Formality (Beautification) on the Design Process

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  1. Exploring the Effects of Different Levels of Formality (Beautification) on the Design Process Louise Yeung (MSc student - Psychology) Supervisors: Dr Brenda Lobb, Dr Beryl Plimmer, Dr Douglas Elliffe

  2. Overview: • Background • Purpose of study • Experimental Design • Results • Future research areas • Questions..

  3. Design research Design Activities • Sketching is important in design (Goel, 1990; Goldschmidt, 1991) especially in early stages in design process (Do, 2005; Lim, et al., 2004) • Transfer from paper prototypes (Sketches) to the computer BUT…

  4. During Transfer... • Clumsy • Error-Prone • Unproductive • Inefficient….

  5. Informal Sketch-based tools • Increasing research and development • e.g. PDA, digital whiteboards… Inkit (on-going project since 2002) • Increase of demand and usage by designers(Pomm & Werlen, 2004) • Many advantages of sketch-base (informal) design tools: • “Getting the best of two worlds” • “Bridges the gap”

  6. “Beautification” • Challenge = the need to “beautify” sketched content(Plimmer & Apperley, 2003; Plimmer & Grundy, 2005) • Beautification = process of tidying a hand-drawn diagram (Sketch) into a more ‘formal looking’ diagram

  7. Interaction difference… hand-drawn (informal) VS computer-rendered (formal) • Research: more functional changes and comments if working with a hand-drawn diagram rather than a formal (computerized) diagram (Bailey and Konstan, 2003; Black, 1990; Goel, 1995; Plimmer and Apperley, 2002) • What happens in between when a diagram is more or less formal? • design decisions, cognition, perception?

  8. Purpose of my study • To explore the different types and levels of beautification (formality) • To evaluate the effects of levels of beautification (formality) on how people interact with the design • Research question: Does the level of formality of a prototype design affect the number (and quality) of changes designers make during iterative design?

  9. Method • Participants:14 female, 16 male • Experiment design: within-subject design • IV:Levels of formality - 5 Levels (5 conditions) • Latin Square design to counterbalance • S1 1 2 3 4 5 • S2 2 3 4 5 1 • S3 3 4 5 1 2 • S4 4 5 1 2 3 • S5 5 1 2 3 4…etc • S1 5 4 3 2 1 • S2 4 3 2 1 5 • S3 3 2 1 5 4 • S4 2 1 5 4 3 • S5 1 5 4 3 2…etc

  10. 5 conditions – 5 designs • Given 5 equivalent designs of web (HTML) forms in terms of: • 1) the purpose of the forms – requiring users to fill in personal information • 2) order of elements in the design • 3) the balance of types of element • 4) the number of elements in each design (i.e. total of 58). • 5) each design had 23 ‘mistakes’ (according to design guidelines) for participants to ‘correct’

  11. Method • Taxonomy of beautification Hand drawn form ------------continuum ----------- Computer-generated form

  12. (A) (A) (B) (B) (C) Vertical Alignment  Horizontal Alignment Snap to grid

  13. (A) (B) (C) (D) Shape standardization

  14. Fully Hand-Drawn 33.33% smoothed Fully smoothed (Straight Lines) 66.66% smoothed

  15. Low formality Medium-low formality

  16. Medium-high formality High formality

  17. LOW formality (Paper & pen) LOW formality (Tablet PC) LOWformality (Tablet PC) HIGHformality (Tablet PC) • Dependent variable: Number of changes made (Total functional changes & Quality functional changes & expected functional changes) • Preliminary results: • One-way repeated measures ANOVA • Significant Main effect (formality) • Significant Linear trend • Pair-wise comparisons showed some interesting differences: VS VS • Group differences: Design experience

  18. Mean Expected functional changes made across levels of formality

  19. Mean Expected functional changes across Levels of Formality according to design experience: none/non-CS/SE & CS/SE

  20. Future research • Exploring more dimensions and levels of formality (i.e. aspects of beautification) • E.g. color (combination?), look-and-feel..etc • Exploring the effects of beautification at different stages in the design process • e.g. early vs refinement • design-decisions • At different levels of beautification: • Novice vs Expert designers • Individual vs group decision making in the design process at different stages • Evaluation of different levels of beautification for different groups of people e.g. ? • Pen and Paper VS Tablet PC

  21. Implications • Software development • Types of beautification at different stages • Improvements in the design process • Increase in efficiency (motivation?) • More time for other design activities • Practical Real world situations e.g. client presentation - photoshop is commonly used. • However, during early stages… Suggestions/Questions?

  22. References • Goldschmidt, G. (1991). The dialectics of sketching. Creativity Research Journal, 2(2), 123–143. • Goel, V. (1995). Sketches of Thought. MIT Press: Cambridge, MA • Lim, et al. (2004). A study of sketching behaviour to support free-form surface modelling from on-line sketching. Design Studies, 25(4), 393-413. • Do, Y.E. (2005). Design sketches and sketch design tools. Knowledge-Based Systems, 18(8), 383-405. • Plimmer, B. E., & Apperley, M. (2004). Interacting with Sketched Interface Designs: An evaluation study. Proceedings of SigChi, Vienna, 1337-1340. • Plimmer, B. E., & Grundy, J. (2005). Beautifying sketching-based design tool content: issues and experiences. Proceedings of AUIC2005, Newcastle. • Pomm, C., & Werlen, S. (2004). Smooth Morphing of Handwritten Text, Proceedings of AVI 04, Gallipoli, 328-335.

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