Art of Ancient Greece

1. Art of Ancient Greece Humanities 770 Mrs. Harvey

2. Important Notes: • ________________________________________________________________ • __________________________________________________________________ • ___________________________________________________________________Their fierce independence prevented political unification of Greece. Olympic games were held in honor of Zeus, ruler of the gods. Winners gained personal fame and were often honored in art. • __________________________________________________________________ • __________________________________________________________________ • ________________________________________________________________ • __________________________________________________________________ • ___________________________________________________________________

3. Notes continued: • The early 5th century BCE was a time of significant artistic and political change. _______________________________________________________________ • _______________________________________________________________ • ______________________________________________________________ • During the 30 years after the second Persian defeat, __________________ • _____________________________________________________________ • Greeks called themselves Hellenes, shared a common language and culture. They divided the world into 2 types of peoples: _______________________________________________________________

4. Notes: • The mid-5th century in Greece is known as the _____________period of art and culture. Its center was _________________________________, where politician named ______________________was chief general of the city. He used the wealth of Athens and taxes collected from other city-states for an ambitious campaign of renewal, including rebuilding of temples destroyed by the Persians on the ______________(akros“highest” and polis “city), an outcropping of rock in the center of Athens. • As dominance of Athens grew, so did the resentment of other city-states. The ____________________plunged Greece into turmoil. When war ended power of Athens was broken and Sparta and Corinth assumed a more prominent role in political affairs of Greece.

6. Pericles’ funeral oration to soldiers • “…Yet ours is no mere work-a-day city. No other provides so much recreation for the spirit—contests and sacrifices all the year round, and beauty in our public buildings to cheer the heart and delight the eye by day. • “We are lovers of the beautiful without being extravagant, and lovers of wisdom without being soft… • “Our city is an education to Greece.”

7. The history of Western Art is based on the ideals of aesthetics originated in Ancient Greece.

8. Notes: __________________________________________________________. From mid-5th century through the 4th centuries, philosophy developed from speculative questioning of Socrates and ideals forms of Plato to the natural observations by Aristotle. Greek admiration of the _________________________________is a new development in Western culture, in concert with the Greek admiration for the beauty of the human body, has important implications in art. The philosophical questioning of the Greeks helps ____________________________________________________________ At the heart of the Greeks’ world view was the belief that human reason could understand and define ________________________________inherent in the universe. This notion of universal harmony that could be perceived by __________________came to govern the rules of art and architecture during the Classical period.

9. Time frame for Greek Art: 1000BC to 146BC Model of Athena from the Parthenon

10. Notes: • Model of Athena from the ______________________, goddess of wisdom and protector of Athens, was built after the Persian wars and dedicated to Athena (parthenon was the name given to the room in a home where unmarried, virginal daughters lived). It later served as a Christian church dedicated to Mary and in the late Middle Ages was the cathedral of Athens. • The Greeks worshipped numerous gods and goddesses, who ruled over all aspects of life and death. Leader of the gods was Zeus and his wife Hera who was the queen of the gods and protector of women. Apollo was Greek god of rational thought and music, while Dionysos , patron of drama and song, represents irrational aspects of human life.

11. “Secrets of the Parthenon” • NOVA

12. Origins of Greek Art: 1000-600BC • The Greek locale and terrain were partially responsible for the rise of city states that were isolated from each other. • After the collapse of Mycenae in 1000BC these small communities developed their own governance systems.

13. Notes: • Greek art and architecture has had a profound impact on many later cultures, including our own. The Romans copied famous Greek paintings and mosaics. And the Greek architectural orders were very popular in the Renaissance and later periods. • The Greeks valued both intellectual and physical achievements, so they began to praise the artist as an individual with unique talents. An exceptional development in the 7th century BCE, with virtually no presence in earlier cultures, occurred when artists began to __________________________. These are an indication of personal pride and possibly a form of advertisement.

14. Ancient Greek Pottery • The earliest form of pottery is __________________________ (950BC). • By 800BC semi-circles and zigzags appeared. • By 750 the human figure appeared. • (Geometric style 900-700 BCE) • Funerary Vessel 750-700 BCE: Body of deceased lies on its side on a platform. Accompanying figures with their hands on their heads may be tearing out hair; triangles represent torsos; lines depict arms and legs swell into bulging thighs and calves.

15. The various shapes of Greek vases developed according to both purpose and to the Greek interest in aesthetic forms. By the _________________period (c. 600-480 BCE), specialized forms had become associated with specific functions. Artists presented scenes evoking a story.

16. Typical Greek vase shapes.

17. Notes: • The _______________and _______________________amphora are containers to store wine, olive oil, honey, or water. • The ___________________and ___________________are bowls for mixing wine with water, which was a Greek custom. • The __________is a drinking cup, and the _________________is a container for olive oil.

18. Greek Vase Painting Between the beginning of the sixth and the end of the fourth centuries B.C., ______________________________________were used in Athens to decorate fine pottery while simpler, undecorated wares fulfilled everyday household purposes. _______________________style is earlier. The red-figure technique was invented around 530 B.C.E. Vase is painted with black slip On red clay pot to silhouette the shapes of figures. Details were incised into the slip. Characteristic color contrast only occurred in the firing process. (archaic) ___________________is one of the finest artists from this time period. _____________________style is a later and more refined form of vase Painting. (archaic) a. Figures and objects against a black background. b. Enabled artists to use finer line and brushwork, rendering greater naturalism. c. Makron was one of the best known makers of red- figure ware. Euphronios (painter) and Euxitheos (potter). Death of Sarpedon during the Trojan War. c. 515 BCE. Height 1' 6".

19. The firing process of both red- and black-figure vessels consisted of three stages. During the first, oxidizing stage, air was allowed into the kiln, turning the whole vase the color of the clay. In the subsequent stage, green wood was introduced into the chamber and the oxygen supply was reduced, causing the object to turn black in the smoky environment. In the third stage, air was reintroduced into the kiln; the reserved portions turned back to orange while the glossed areas remained black.

20. Sculpture A glance at the ancient Greek figures illustrated chronologically in this section reveals that Greek sculpture gradually evolved from _______________ _______________________________. While this development shows an increasing naturalism, at the same time these figures represent ideal human form. The evolution of art and architecture that characterizes ancient Greek art can be directly related to the Greek developments in ________________________.

21. Notes continued When studying the evolution within Greek art, art historians have evolved names for the progressive styles: ___________(c. 650-480 BCE); ___________________(or Transitional or Early Classical c. 480-450 BCE); _________________(c. 450-400 BCE)

22. Archaic 650-480BCE During this period there was a strong merchant class and trade across the Mediterranean. Depictions of the human body became more ______________. Kouros and Kore

23. Sculpture continued AnavysosKouros shows more relaxed posture but retains the _______________________common to many sculptures of this time period. Figure represents an ____________ideal and demonstrates a new understanding of the organic nature of the human body. While maintains the stance derived from Egyptian models, stone passages that connect legs and torso ___________________________. It might be said that the Greek sculptures have released their figures from stone. Anavysos Kouros, ca. 530 BC

24. Hatshepsut. New Kingdom. c. 1478-1458 BCE. Height 6' 6".

25. Kouros (male) and Kore (female) – primarily male - were the earliest forms of freestanding Greek figurative art. It is called ____________________sculpture It differs from the Egyptian sculpture a. ___________ b. ______________________ c. _________________________ Usually placed at the entrance to a grave Site; seems agile and ready to take action The great kouros of Samos, c. 530-520 BC

26. “Peplos” Kore, c. 530 BCE. height 48”. Female figure known as a ______________; the early examples are always _______________, and even 2 centuries later the representation of the nude female figure is _____________ The gentle swelling of the body beneath the drapery suggests the same interest in the organic and sensuous qualities of the human body

27. Severe c. 480-450 BCE ___________________, c. 480 BCE. height 3' 10”. Represents the figure in a pose that combines flexed and relaxed muscles Known as ______________________position “counterpositioning” Weight of the body is supported on one leg. While other is bent and relaxed, the other parts of body are readjusted in space; one side of the pelvis is higher Suggests _____________________________ Becomes freestanding, _______________________________ that requires being seen from multiple viewpoints Banishes the _____________Egyptian views

28. Classical c. 450-400 BCE • After the sack of Athens a major re-building project • was undertaken to restore Athens and the Acropolis • was begun. • The major transitional sculpture is the _________________ • a. naturalistic • b. relaxed pose called _____________________ • c. ______________expression rather than “archaic smile.” • d. parallels developments in Greek society of the • science of the human form • ____________________brought the human form to new heights with the • idealization of sculpture in Doryphorus. _____________________ • a. used measurements to create perfect proportions

29. Polykleitos, Spear Bearer (Doryphoros), c. 450–440 BCE.height 6' 11”.

30. Compare Praxiteles. [prak-sit-l-eez]Aphrodite of Knidos. [nahy-duh s] c. 360-330 BCE. Height 6' 10 1/4". The first monumental figure in Greek art to depict the female nude in 3 dimensions. She is either leaving or entering her bath. The diagonal movement of the right arm and hand and slightly lifted left leg lead our eyes across the body.

31. Foundations of Classical Greek Art • Movement away from _______________ • toward greater naturalism • 2. Preoccupation with _________________ • 3. Representation aiming at ________________ Warrior, from the sea off Riace. C 460 – 450 B.C. Bronze with glass, bone, silver, and copper Inlay. Height 6’ 6”

32. Lost-wax bronze casting

33. Zeus (or Poseidon) of Cape Artemision: bronze, ca 460-450 BCE In Greece gods were portrayed as ________________but were idealized. Universal characteristics were used.

34. Greek Sculpture BBC

35. Greek artists were • comfortable with the _____________and depicted gods • and men as _______________. • _________________________was the goal of Greek sculptors during the Classical age. • Perfect proportion implies • _________________________. • Society was becoming • increasingly ____________________. Praxiteles or his followers, Hermes and the Infant Dionysos, Hellenistic or Roman copy after a fourth-century BCE original.height 7' 1”.

36. Color in Greek Sculpture Archer (“Paris”), c. 500 BCE. Vinzenz Brinkmann and Ulrike Koch-Brinkmann, Reconstruction of Archer, 2004 CE.

37. Greek Architecture • A way for society to express certain notions • about themselves. • During the seventh century BCE building • projects turned from _______________________________to ________________________________________. • The first specific style to emerge was the • _____________________________.

38. The Classical Orders (classic has come to mean “the highest rank”) An _____________________gives aesthetic definition and decoration to post-and-lintel structural system. Between 7th and 5th century BCE, Greeks developed 3 architectural orders—the ____________________, __________________________, and ________________________. An order is composed of a group _________________________________________designed to integrate with each other and with the building as a whole. Also dictates ______________________________governing the interrelationships of the parts.

39. Elements of an Order Column Capital Entablature architrave frieze cornice Flutes

40. Doric Order The order itself is traditionally linked to Dorian and Peloponnesian spheres of influence. In the earlier periods, the construction of temples was made possible by the kings of such cities as Athens, Corinth, and Syracuse. The Doric order is an unique expression of a geometrically based Architecture relying on juxtaposition and stacking. The forms are vigorous and assertive. The vertical fluting of the columns, reinforced by the triglyphs in the frieze above, produces an upward thrust that is held in balance by the horizontal articulation of the entablature and gable roof. The walled inner sanctuary , or _______________, contained the cult statue. On the exterior, the perimeter of the temple is surrounded by a _________________, or continuous row of columns.

41. Classical architecture and the ParthenonDesigned by Ictinus and Callicrates, 477-438. Dedicated to goddess Athena Uses __________________which is the swelling of the columns suggesting the human hip. ____________________provides a feeling of strength and elasticity. Uses the ________________order. This style is still used today to infer power and authority to public buildings.

42. When work began on the Parthenon in 447 BC, the Athenian Empire was at the height of its power. Work on the temple continued until 432; the Parthenon, then, represents Athenian imperial power, unencumbered by the depradations of the Peloponnesian War.Likewise, it symbolizes the power and influence of the Athenian politician, Pericles, who championed its construction.

44. Plan of Parthenon, c. 447-432 BCE.

45. Model of the Athenian Acropolis in c. 400 BCE.

46. Ionic Order • Lighter and more elegant • Uses a scroll effect at the top of the column (volute) Building upon the same geometric principals as the Doric temples the basic temple structure of the two orders are quite similar. However, the main difference between the two styles is the decoration of the column capital, the slender column, a frieze without triglyphs, and a intricate base. Erechtheion, c. 430–405 BCE.

47. Corinthian Order • Last major order developed by the Greeks • Uses acanthus leaves in a circular pattern around top of column

48. The Corinthian column is similar to the Ionic column in its ___________________________. Only the ________________differs, with its distinctive ________________________________________. Temple of the Olympian Zeus, foundation c. 520–510 BCE designed by Cossutius, begun 175 BCE, left unfinished 164 BCE, completed 132 CE. Height of columns 55' 5”. Golden Age PBS

49. Hellenistic Art • Peloponnesian war in 431BC brought chaos to Athens • Philip of Macedon restored order in 338BC • His son, Alexander the Great is credited with the “Hellenization” • of the Greek world. • Hellenistic age was from 323BC to Roman battle of Actium in • 31BC. • a. it attaches emotional turmoil and technical virtuosity • to art • b. ________________________________evident • c. Individual virtuosity of execution • d. ____________________more important than new art forms • e. Art reflects the uncertainty of Greek society at this time • f. Portraiture became popular as elite became more • affluent • g. ______________sculpture of _____________form is seen

50. Realism attempts to recreate reality. Naturalism is movement toward greater representational accuracy. The famous Nike (Victory) of Samothrace. The Winged Victory, considered the finest extant Hellenistic Greek sculpture, portrays the goddess of victory alighting on a ship's prow, with her wings spread and her clinging garments rippling in the wind. The large 8 ft high marble figure, Created between 220 and 190 B.C., was discovered on the Aegean island of Samothrace in 1863 and immediately sent to the Louvre Museum in Paris.