US CLIVAR Summit

1. US CLIVAR Summit Keystone, CO Aug. 16, 2005

2. IGBP Programs SOLAS IMBER LOICZ

3. IOCCP.ORG Sponsors: UNESCO-IOC | SCOR A communication and coordination service for the international ocean carbon community. ---IOCCP 2005 Chair:Chris Sabine (US) Repeat Hydrography:Masao Fukasawa (Japan) Underway pCO2:Bronte Tilbrook (Australia) Time series networks:Nick Bates (Bermuda) Remote Sensing / Modelling:Cyril Moulin (France) Coastal observations:Helmuth Thomas (Canada) Historical Data Sets:Dorothee Bakker (UK) Process Studies:Cindy Lee (US) SOLAS:Truls Johannessen (Norway) IMBER:Arne Kortzinger (Germany) Project Coordinator:Maria Hood + post-doc TBD • The IOCCP is a communications and coordination service for the international ocean carbon community that provides: • Observations Support Services: • Communications network and information databases and compilations of on-going and planned observation activities, links to data. • Forum for international agreements on the issues that form the building blocks of an observing system: • Observation strategies and implementation • Standards and methods • Data management and archival • Data exchange and synthesis activities • Liaison with the Global Observing Systems

4. ---Implementation Status of System Elements: Repeat Hydrography Repeat HydrographyDescription: Quantifies the decadal evolution of natural and anthropogenic CO2 in the ocean interior.Inventory: 31 funded / 6 pending from 2005-2009Data: CLIVAR CCHDO (data holdings); IOCCP (program information for on-going and planned cruises).

5. ---Next Steps of System Elements: Repeat Hydrography • Repeat Section Planned Activities, 2005+ • CLIVAR – IOCCP Repeat Hydrography Meeting • Tentatively: November 2005, Japan • Main Objectives: • Identification and planning of cruises to be carried out during this decade for each ocean basin • Identification of the required suite of measurements needed to be included as part of the CLIVAR / CO2 Repeat Hydrography Program • Identification of a data management system that will fulfill the needs of all participants within the program and establish a standardized regional data distribution system that will provide data for individual scientists that request it; Provide a mechanism for data distribution into national archives; Ensure long-term support for data archival. • Set up plans for regional syntheses of the cruise data with respect to optimizing overall data quality on a basin-by-basin basis. • Review and make plans to update the WHP manual http://www.ioccp.org

6. ---Implementation Status of System Elements: Surface pCO2 Network Underway pCO2 ObservationsDescription: Quantifies the basin-scale air-sea flux of CO2 over seasonal to interannual periods.Inventory: 28 operating; 5 surface drift buoys operating. Data: CDIAC Ocean CO2 (largest data holdings), PICES PICNIC (North Pacific data), IOCCP (program information for on-going and planned activities).

7. Development Phases for a Global Ocean Carbon Observing System2005-2010 Phase 3.Basin / Global Pilot Projects Phase 2.Implementation Agreements Phase 1.Communication / Information Network; Observation Support Services Strategies and Implementation Plans; Observation Requirements National, Regional, Global Program Implementation 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 • Phase 3:Implementing Pilot Programs. • Establish basin or global scale pilot projects with research programs, regional organizations, and operational agencies to: • “experiment” with producing regular data products from a cooperative regional network of scientists and programs. • identify groups or centers that could serve as sustained support centers. Phase 1:Communications, network building, and syntheses of activities Establish international communications network.(http:/www.ioccp.org) Develop and maintain compilations of planned and on-going activities for major system elements. Convene targeted workshops to address gaps, duplications, and ways forward for basin and global strategies. • Phase 2:Transitioning implementation plans to actions • Convene targeted workshops to reach international agreement on: • observing system locations, sites, cruise tracks, etc., based on existing program plans and gaps analysis; • core measurements required; • standards and methods; • data management centers and data synthesis programs

8. Ocean Carbon and Climate Change Role of the ocean on regulating atmospheric CO2 levels: 1) Ocean natural and anthropogenic CO2 inventory 2) Magnitude and variability of air-sea CO2 flux 3) Feedback mechanisms and climate sensitivities for ocean carbon storage 4) Scientific basis for mitigation strategies

9. Science Background Historical uptake a function of large-scale circulation; (Present) and future uptake depend on: -altered physics (warming, stratification, slowed THC) -response of natural carbon cycle to changes in physics, lower pH, dust, management (direct injection, fertilization) Biological response & management focus on: -surface nutrient utilization (Southern Ocean & Fe) -decoupling of C/N/P (N-fixation, remineralization) -organic C/CaCO3/SiO3 rain ratios -community structure Present models do not include key mechanisms

10. Implementation Strategy Research elements Enabling Activities Ocean Carbon Observing System Process Studies Southern Ocean Pilot Studies Synthesis and Modeling Technology Development Phased basin-by-basin approach: Existing/ongoing elements (2003-2005) Phase 1: N. Atlantic and N. and Eq. Pacific (2005-2011) Phase 2: Southern Ocean (2011-)

11. Ocean Carbon Observing System CLIVAR/CO2 Repeat Hydrographic Survey Decadal-scale time-evolution of natural and anthropogenic CO2 (basin +/- 20%) and related tracers in ocean interior VOS pCO2 Survey Improved constraints on air-sea CO2 flux magnitude and seasonal, interannual, decadal variability (+/-0.2 PgC/yr/region)

12. Open Ocean Time-series & Process Studies -Ongoing time-series (HOT, BATS, MBARI, …) -New time-series in subpolar, equatorial, coastal biomes -Mid-sized process studies linked to existing time-series study (cross- basin and cross-biome) Slide 5 Slide 5 Continental MarginBackbone ~12 moored TS Ship transects Remote sensing synthesis and in situ calibration Process studies in context of existing/new time-series

13. North American Carbon Project • measuring and understanding the sources and sinks of CO2,CH4, and CO in • North America and adjacent ocean regions and how are they changing • over time • Diagnostic Analysis: • -remote sensing imagery; • -atmospheric observing system; • -hydrologic transfers (land=> coastal ocean); • -open and coastal ocean measurements; • -modeling (process-based => data assimilation); • -intensive field campaigns • Process-Oriented Research: • Predictive modeling: • Decision support resources:

14. The approach we have taken is to coordinate both NACP and OCCC to give us a continuum from dry land to the open ocean NACP OCCC • NACP will have primary responsibility for land-ocean exchanges • Both programs will have responsibility for shelf processes • OCCC will have primary responsibility for shelf-open ocean exchanges

15. OCCC Status & Issues OCCC Management Structure -wide range of project sizes from individual PIs to mid-size and “large” coordinated field studies -federated or decentralized structure that allows for greater flexibility as the science evolves -data management & science meetings as unifying elements Funding Opportunities -NSF-Geo Biocomplexity -NSF ORION -NASA ROSES -NOAA-OGP -DOE -Other?

16. U.S. Interagency Carbon Cycle Science Program (4/1/05):Organization with Ocean BGC SSC & Project Office Carbon Cycle Interagency Working Group (CCIWG) CARBON CYCLE SCIENCE STEERING GROUP (CCSSG) Carbon Cycle Program Office NACP SSG OCCC SSG Plug-in to Ocean BGC SSC and Project Office NACP Office OCCC Office NACP PIs OCCC PIs

17. U.S. Interagency Carbon Cycle Science Program (4/1/05):Ocean Biogeochemistry SSC and Project Office U.S. Ocean Carbon & Biogeochemistry Steering Committee OCCC SSG Plug-in to CCSP OCCC SSG and Office U.S.Ocean Carbon & Biogeochemistry Project & Data Management Offices IMBER-/SOLAS-/Other-Indentified Investigators OCCC-/

18. OCCC Status & Issues (cont.) • Field Project & Data Management Offices • -NSF supported informal AO Summer 2005 • -”Stop-gap” coordination and data management project • -host OCCC summer workshop 2005 • -collect/serve data from existing mid-sized projects (Eddies, SOFEX, Vertigo, MedFlux …) • Science & Coordination Meetings • -OCCC Ocean Carbon Science Meeting • -Woods Hole, MA August 1st-4th 2005 • -Joint OCCC/NACP Coastal Ocean Carbon Workshop • -Sept. 2005 in Boulder CO (week before International Carbon Conference)

19. Opportunities for additional Collaboration CLIVAR/Carbon Collaborations • -Repeat Hydrography • Autonomous Measurements on Research Vessels and VOS • Time-series measurements • -Mid-sized process studies linked to existing time-series • -Physical oceanographic setting for time-series • -Modeling/data assimilation • -Integrated Northern Hemisphere process study (cross- basin and cross-biome) • -Technology development • -chemical/biological methods and standards • -autonomous platforms/sensors • -genomic techniques • -remote sensing

20. Thank You!

22. OCCC Status and Issues -Technology development, synthesis & modeling, and enabling activities (2005=>) -Mid-size process studies at an existing time-series and coastal site (2006 =>) -new time-series stations & North American coastal observing network (2008=>) -large Northern Hemisphere process study (2008=>)