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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Vision

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Vision. Diagnosis of ADHD Year Children Diagnosed 2005 8,000,000 2002 7,000,000 2000 6,500,000 1998 4,000,000 1990 750,000 1988 500,000.

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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Vision

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  1. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Vision

  2. Diagnosis of ADHDYear Children Diagnosed2005 8,000,0002002 7,000,0002000 6,500,0001998 4,000,0001990 750,0001988 500,000

  3. Possible Reasons for the Increase in ADHD* Better Diagnostic Procedures* Changes in Diagnostic Criteria to Include More Children* Characteristics that All Children Display* Changes in Expectations at School* Conditioned to Live in a Short-Attention Span Culture

  4. DSM-IV Diagnostic Criteria for ADHD A. Either 1 or 2: 1. Six or more of the following symptoms of inattention have persisted for at least six months to a degree that is maladaptive and inconsistent with developmental level:2. Six or more of the following symptoms of hyperactivity impulsivity have persisted for at least six months to a degree that is maladaptive and inconsistent with developmental level:

  5. ADHD Diagnostic Criteria Continued:Symptoms of Inattention a. Often fails to give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes in schoolwork, work, or other activities b. Often has difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities c. Often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly d. Often does not follow through on instructions and fails to finish schoolwork, chores, or duties in the workplace (not due to oppositional behavior or failure to understand instructions)

  6. ADHD Diagnostic Criteria Continued:e. Often has difficulty organizing tasks and activities f. Often avoids, dislikes, or is reluctant to engage in tasks that require sustained mental effort (such as homework) g. Often loses things necessary for tasks or activities (toys, school assignments, pencils, books, or tools) h. Is often easily distracted by extraneous stimuli i. Is often forgetful in daily activities

  7. ADHD Diagnostic Criteria Continued:Symptoms of Hyperactivity a. Often fidgets with hands or feet or squirms in seat b. Often leaves seat in classroom or in other situations in which remaining seated is expected c. Often runs about or climbs excessively in situations in which it is inappropriate (in adolescents or adults, may be limited to subjective feelings of restlessness)

  8. ADHD Diagnostic Criteria Continued:d. Often has difficulty playing or engaging in leisure activities quietly e. Is often "on the go" or often acts as if "driven by a motor" f. Often talks excessively

  9. ADHD Diagnostic Criteria Continued:Symptoms of Impulsivityg. Often blurts out answers before questions have been completed h. Often has difficulty awaiting turn i. Often interrupts or intrudes on others (such as butting into conversations or games)

  10. ADHD Diagnostic Criteria Continued:B. Some hyperactive, impulsive, or inattentive symptoms that caused impairment were present before age 7 yearsC. Some impairment from the symptoms is present in two or more settings (such as in school or work and at home)

  11. ADHD Diagnostic Criteria Continued:D. There must be clear evidence of clinically significant impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioningE. The symptoms do not occur exclusively during the course of a pervasive developmental disorder, schizophrenia, or another psychotic disorder and are not better accounted for by another mental disorder (such as a mood, anxiety, dissociative, or personality disorder)

  12. ADHD Types Using DSM-IV CriteriaADHD, predominantly inattentive type. Meets inattention criteria (section Al) for the past 6 months ADHD, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type. Meets hyperactive-impulsive criteria (section A2) for the past 6 months

  13. ADHD Types Using DSM-IV Criteria (Continued)ADHD, combined type. Meets criteria for section Al and section A2 for the past 6 months ADHD, not otherwise specified. Prominent symptoms of inattention or hyperactivity-impulsivity that do not meet the criteria for ADHD ADHD, in partial remission.

  14. Other Health Impairment Definition (OHI)“Other Health Impairment” means having limited strength, vitality or alertness, including a heightened alertness to environmental stimuli, that results in limited alertness with respect to the educational environment that is due to chronic or acute health problems, such as asthma, attention deficit disorder or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, diabetes, epilepsy, a heart condition, hemophilia, lead poisoning, leukemia, nephritis, rheumatic fever, and sickle cell anemia, and adversely affects a child’s educational performance.

  15. OHI Definition Continued:Criteria for Initial Determination of EligibilityA child displays a Health Impairment when:A.     a health impairment has been diagnosed by a licensed physician, licensed psychologist, licensed professional counselor, or licensed clinical social worker;B.     the health impairment adversely affects the child's educational performance.

  16. Anatomy and Physiology of ADHDAbnormalities in the frontal cortex, basal ganglia, corpus callasumOn average, 5% smaller Higher levels of theta brain wave activity

  17. Biochemistry of ADHDLower glucose levels Lower levels of adrenaline Lower levels of dopamine

  18. Biochemistry of ADHDHypoglycemiaThyroid ConditionsNutritionAllergies

  19. Learning Styles of ADHDLower non-verbal scores than verbal scores on IQ testsMultiple intelligence patterns of body-kinesthetic and musical-rhythmic

  20. Sensory Integration Considerations for ADHD ADHD-Hyposensitive Type ADHD-Hypersensitive Type

  21. Clinical Treatments of ADHDBiofeedbackStimulant MedicationNon-stimulant MedicationAnti-Motion Sickness Medication Nutritional: Zinc Vitamin B-6 Essential Fatty Acids Amino Acids Magnesium

  22. ADHD and Uncorrected Vision Problems Studies have shown that children with ADHD have four times the rate of uncorrected vision problems than children without ADHD

  23. ADHD and Convergence Insufficiency Dr. David Granet (2002), director of the Ratner Children’s Eye Center in San Diego found that the rates of convergence insufficiency was 3 times higher in children with ADHD than in children without ADHD

  24. ADHD and Vision Some research has found higher levels of the following conditions in individuals with ADHD: Ocular-Motor Deficiencies Stereopsis Hyperopia Color Blindness

  25. Common Medications Used in the Treatment of ADHD

  26. What to do with the ADHD child in your exam room? • Proprioceptive-squish toys • Background music/metronome • Seating arrangements

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