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April 14, 2014

NOTE: This is Handout #1 of 2 Be sure to also print out Handout #2. April 14, 2014. Nursing 330 Human Reproductive Health. Office Hours Mondays, 5:30pm – 6pm Salazar Hall, Room C162 Course Text. Course Website Syllabus Reading Assignments Quarter Schedule Evaluation Methods

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April 14, 2014

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  1. NOTE:This is Handout #1 of 2Be sure to also print out Handout #2 April 14, 2014 Nursing 330 Human Reproductive Health

  2. Office Hours • Mondays, 5:30pm – 6pm • Salazar Hall, Room C162 • Course Text

  3. Course Website • Syllabus • Reading Assignments • Quarter Schedule • Evaluation Methods • Lecture Notes • Print out or download on to laptop • May be taken down at anytime so it is your responsibility to print or download before each lecture

  4. Important Dates Quiz #1: 4/21/14 Mid-term: 5/5/4 Quiz #2: 5/19/14 Make up Assignment Due: 5/19/14 (if applicable) Final Exam: 6/9/14

  5. Puberty

  6. Puberty • Not a synonym for adolescence • When a child transforms into an adult normally capable of reproduction (procreation). • Refers to physical changes that occur during adolescence

  7. Puberty • Increase in body size • Change in shape and body composition • Rapid development • Reproductive organs • Other characteristics marking sexual maturity

  8. Puberty • Beginning of pubertal changes occurs between ages 11 – 16. • Varies • Pubertal changes in boys generally begin about 2 years later than in girls.

  9. Puberty in Girls Average peak age: 12 Duration/Maturation: 18 mos – 6 years Phases of Development: • Breast Development • Pubic Hair can precede this stage(1/3 of girls) • Vagina and Uterus develop • Pubic Hair (2/3 of girls) • Height development/Peak in height • Menarche

  10. Puberty in Boys Average peak age: 14 Duration/Maturation: 2 yrs. – 5 yrs. Phases of Development: • Testes and scrotum • Pubic Hair • Penis Growth • Enlargement of: • Seminal Vesicles, Prostate, Bulbourethral Glands • Auxillary (Armpit) Hair • Voice Deepening

  11. Puberty (cont) • Other • Sebaceous and sweat glands • Enlargement of pores • Breast changes • Height spurt

  12. Physical occurrences from puberty • Growth Spurt • The primary sex characteristics develop • The secondary sex characteristics develop

  13. Growth Spurt 1. Limbs 2. Body’s trunk 3. Shoulders and chest • Bones become harder and more dense • Muscle and fat contribute to an adolescent increase in weight

  14. Girls Develop Breast Acquire Hips Higher fat to muscle ratio Boys Wider shoulders More muscular neck Lose fat during adolescence Body Composition

  15. Primary Sex Characteristics • Differences in male and female anatomy which are present at birth • –ovaries and testes • Defined as the change necessary to prepare girls’ and boys’ bodies to produce children • Marker events • Girls • Menarche • Boys • Spermarche • As the primary sex organs mature, the secondary sex characteristics distinguish males from females

  16. Secondary Sex Characteristics • Defined as changes that make boys and girls look like mature men and women • Girls -Breast Development -Body Odor -Body fat -Body Hair • Boys -Voice Deepens -Body Odor -Shoulders broaden -Body Hair

  17. Secular Trend • Tendency for children to become progressively larger at all ages • Causes • Better nutrition • Lessening of disease

  18. Hormones • Estrogen • Responsible for many changes that occur during puberty. • Cause the breasts, uterus, and vagina to mature and the body to take feminine proportions • Contribute to regulation of the menstrual cycle • Testosterone • Responsible for changes of male puberty • Leads to muscle growth, body and facial hair, and other male sex characteristics • Contributes to gains in body size

  19. Sexual Anatomy & Physiology

  20. Seven Essential Features of Human Reproduction

  21. Female Sex Organs: • Female gonads are the ovaries • All embryos appear as female at first. Genetic and hormonal signals trigger the development of male organs in those embryos destined to be male. • Sex organs serve a reproductive purpose, but they perform other functions also: giving pleasure, attracting sex partners, and bonding in relationships.

  22. Vulva • The external female genitals are known collectively as the vulva. It includes: • Mons pubis • Clitoris • Clitoral Hood (or Prepuce) • Labia Majora • Labia Minora • Urethral Opening • Anus

  23. Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) • aka Female Circumcision • What is it? • Types • Areas where it is practiced • Consequences

  24. Types of FGM • Type I • excision of the prepuce, with or without excision of part or all of the clitoris • Type II • excision of the clitoris with partial or total excision of the labia minora

  25. Types of FGM (cont) • Type III • Aka infibulation; the most extreme • excision of part or all of the external genitalia and stitching/narrowing of the vaginal opening • Type IV • pricking, piercing or incising of the clitoris and/or labia; stretching of the clitoris and/or labia; cauterization by burning of the clitoris and surrounding tissue

  26. Internal Organs The internal female sexual structures and reproductive organs include: • Vagina • Uterus • Cervix • Ovaries • Fallopian tubes

  27. Female Sexual Physiology • During puberty hormones trigger the completion of oogenesis, the production of oocytes, commonly called eggs or ova. • Follicles • Sac in which eggs are carried. Found inside the ovaries.

  28. Female Sexual Physiology • At birth • 150,000 - 500,000 follicles. • each containing an immature ova (egg) • By beginning of reproductive life • Diminishes to 34,000 follicles • During active childbearing years (ages 13 – 50) • 300 - 400.follicles undergo maturation

  29. The Menstrual Cycle • Follicular (Proliferative) phase • Days 1 through 6 • Beginning of menstrual flow to end of blood flow • Days 7 – 13 endometrium thickens • Luteal (Secretory) phase • aka premenstrual phase • Days 15 to 28 • The endometrium thickens to prepare the egg for implantation • These two phases are separated by: • Ovulation • Day 14

  30. Ovulation • The process in the menstrual cycle by which a mature ovarian follicle ruptures and releases an ovum (also known as an egg or an oocyte) • The released egg, unless fertilized, only lasts 12 to 24 hours.

  31. Menstrual Cycle • Order of the Menstrual Cycle: • Menstrual → Proliferative → Secretory • The menstrual cycle is divided into 3 phases. 1. Menstruation 2. Proliferative Phase: Endometrial tissue builds up during this phase 3. Secretory Phase: Produces nutrients to sustain an embryo

  32. Corpus Luteum • A mound of yellow tissue • Develops as a result of the ruptured follicle • During pregnancy, it serves to produce estrogen and progesterone

  33. If fertilization occurs, • Fertilized egg is implanted in the wall of the uterus. Corpus luteum continues to produce progesterone for several months and will remain in ovary until the end of pregnancy. • If fertilization does NOT occur: • Corpus luteum becomes smaller. Progesterone levels drop. Uterine lining sloughs off and menstruation begins.

  34. Hormones • Hormones are chemical substances that serve as messengers, traveling through the bloodstream.

  35. Hormones • Pituitary Hormones • Luteinizing Hormone (LH) • Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) • Ovarian Hormones (aka sex hormones) • Estrogen • Progesterone

  36. Reaches uterus about 2-4 days after ovulation Movesslowlytowarduterus Sweptinto fallopian tube Releasedfrom follicle The Path of the Egg • Released from follicle • Swept into fallopian tube • Moves slowly toward uterus • Reaches uterus in about 4 days The egg, unless fertilized, only survives 12-24 hours.

  37. PMS • Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a group of symptoms related to the menstrual cycle

  38. PMS • Physical and emotional disorder • Caused by hormonal changes • Widely recognized as a medical condition • 85% of menstruating women have at least one symptom • 5-10% debilitating symptoms • Symptoms present two weeks before menstruation

  39. Remedies:Dietary Recommendations • Low fat • High fiber • 3 meals a day and 3 snacks containing starchy foods • Drink plenty of water • Avoid caffeine • Low salt • High calcium

  40. Menstrual Conditions • Two types • Amenorrhea • Dysmenorrhea • Amenorrhea • Primary • failure to start having a period by the age of 16 • Secondary • temporary or permanent ending of periods in a woman who has menstruated normally in the past

  41. Menstrual Disorders (Cont) • Dysmenorrhea - Painful menstrual periods (aka cramps) • Primary • no physical abnormality and usually begins within three years after you begin menstruating • Secondary • involves an underlying physical cause, such as endometriosis or uterine fibroids

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