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Feedstuff Analysis

Feedstuff Analysis. Chris Ellason. Feedstuff Analysis. Feed Sampling Proximate Analysis Dry matter Ash Crude Protein Ether Extract Crude Fiber NFE. Detergent Method. NDF - cell wall components cellulose hemicellulose lignin silica heat damaged protein. Detergent Method.

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Feedstuff Analysis

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  1. Feedstuff Analysis Chris Ellason

  2. Feedstuff Analysis • Feed Sampling • Proximate Analysis • Dry matter • Ash • Crude Protein • Ether Extract • Crude Fiber • NFE

  3. Detergent Method • NDF - cell wall components • cellulose • hemicellulose • lignin • silica • heat damaged protein

  4. Detergent Method • ADF - Acid Detergent Fiber • lignocellulose • NDF used to predict gut fill and intake • ADF used to predict digestibility • ADIN - acid detergent insoluble nitrogen

  5. Know the Form of the Numbers • Dry Matter Basis • As-fed Basis • Air-dry Basis

  6. Energy Measurements • Gross Energy - GE • total potential energy of a feedstuff • determined by bomb calorimeter • Fecal Energy - FE • Energy from undigested feed and other components of feces • Determined by bomb calorimeter

  7. Energy Measurements • Digestible Energy - DE • GE - FE • Gaseous Products of Digestion - GPD • combustible gasses that escape during digestion • mainly methane, traces of H, CO, H2S • Urinary Energy - UE • loss of spent metabolites and energy through urine

  8. Energy Measures • Metabolizable Energy - ME • referred to as usable portion of ingested energy • DE - UE - GPD = ME • Heat Increment - HI • heat derived from metabolism or fermentation of feedstuffs

  9. Detergent Method • Energy • NEm • NEg • NEl • These values are calculated from ADF and NDF

  10. Net Energy - NE • Net Energy computed by ME - HI • Includes the amount of energy used for maintenance plus some production component • NEM • amount of energy expended to maintain energy equilibrium

  11. Net Energy • NEM • basal metabolism • energy of voluntary activity • warming of body • cooling of body • Net Energy for some production function

  12. Energy Measurements

  13. Common Feeds • Carbonaceous Concentrates • High in Energy • Low in fiber • Low in Protein • Variable in protein quality • fair in P • low in Ca

  14. Concentrates • Corn • high energy • 8 - 9 % CP • Low in Lysine • Sorghum Grain • Must be processed • lower in energy than corn • higher in CP than corn

  15. Concentrates • Oats • 75 - 85% energy of corn • very palatable • higher in fiber than corn • Beet Pulp • Molasses

  16. Concentrates • Citrus Pulp • Animal Fat • Cookie Meal

  17. Protein Feeds • Soybean meal • low in Ca • most complete in energy and protein • Cottonseed meal • Peanut Meal

  18. High Moisture Feedstuffs • Green Chop - forage chopped in the field and fed without further processing • Silage - forage cut wet and put through controlled fermentation

  19. Vitamins and Minerals • Add Vitamins to assure adequate amounts • Mineral supplementation • all minerals are not created equal • greater absorption of sulfates over oxides • example CuS vs CuO

  20. Feed Additives • Antibiotics • Chlortetracycline • AS700 • Growth Stimulants • ionophores - Bovatec, Rumensin • Others • MGA - used to stop heat

  21. Problems Associated with Grain Feeding

  22. Non Ruminants • Enteritis • Characterized by inflammation of stomach and possibly SI • Antibiotics in starter rations can control this to some degree • Dietary changes, erratic feed intake and weaning stress • Also grain overload or highly fermentable feeds

  23. Non Ruminants • Laminitis (founder) • Inflammation of the laminae • Typically a result of poor grain/fiber balance • Excessive grain consumption results in excessive lactic acid production

  24. Ruminants • Enterotoxemia – over eating disease • Increase in clostridial organisms • Severe kidney damage and pin-point hemorrhages in intestine • Clostridial vaccination

  25. Ruminants • Lactic acidosis – grain overload • Overgrowth of bacteria which prefer lower pH environment • These are the starch digesting bacteria • As they increase pH drops further • Primarily due to their production of lactic acid

  26. Ruminants • If unchecked acids can be absorbed into the bloodstream resulting in metabolic acidosis • Endotoxins and histamine can result in founder • Liver abcesses • Acidosis can occur in either acute or chronic form

  27. Polioencephalomalacia (PEM) • Primarily caused by over eating grain • Organism in grain causes ruminal production of Thiaminase • Causes an acute thiamin deficiency • Other PEMs can occur by intakes of high sulfate water or feed • This type is not responsive to thiamin treatment

  28. What to watch for • Dairies – low butterfat • Humping of back • Kicking at stomach • Altered intake • Fever

  29. What to watch for • Gut sounds and motility • Rumen pH • Cud chewing • Feed sorting • Hoof problems (softening, white line, sole abcesses) • General unhealthy appearance (eyes, ears etc.)

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