Bellwork: January 25 th

1. Bellwork: January 25th • How did WWI impact Brazil’s economy? • How did WWI impact Canada’s political status? • With regards to pre-WWI economies, what did Canada and Latin America have in common? • What is consumerism? • THINKER: Historically, war tends to improve a nation’s economy. Thinking back to WWI, make a prediction  How did WWI impact the U.S. economy?

2. Did you turn in your annotated bibliography? • If you did NOT turn in your annotated bibliography (SHAME!), I expect you to come talk to me during tutorial tomorrow. You will lose 5 points for each day it is late. Trust me….you do NOT want to bet behind on this assignment.

3. Next IA deadline: Part B Outline – Friday February 3rd! • Part B (the investigation) is one that will take the most time/effort/research in writing. Start this now! The better your outline – the easier it will be to write your investigation! • Your outline must include: • A list of points/topics to be addressed in your investigation (what will you need to include to adequately answer your question?) • A minimum of three quotes for each point (where did these quotes come from?) • Any clarifying information • You do NOT need to analyze yet… but it may help your organization if you mention the points you plan to include. • You do NOT need to write this in paragraph form! Keep it organized!

4. Review • The U.S. came out of WWI a wealthy nation, while Britain was in debt! This change in economic power heavily effected the dependency of the Americas on the U.S. economy!

5. Impact of WWI on the Americas • Our next major topic of study is “The Move to Global War” which focuses on the rise of dictators and their aggressive actions in the Inner-War period. • In order to understand the global political/economic shift between the two world wars, we need to look at the post-WWI economies of the U.S., Canada, and Latin America. • For the rest of class (and potentially homework), you are going to read about post-WWI economies in the Americas and complete a worksheet. • Canada: pages 173-174 • Latin America: pages 175-179 • United States: pages 159 - 160

6. During the war, Great Britain and the U.S. invested a lot of money in Latin America. What was this money used for? What was Latin America’s major role in the global economy? List five reasons why Latin America went into a recession following the outbreak of WWI. Describe “The Tragic Week.” How did Latin America’s economy change post-WWI? 6. THINKER: At the Pan American Financial Conference in 1915, the U.S. made the point that the outbreak of war highlighted the problem of relying on European countries economically and suggested that “a more hemispheric approach was desirable.” What do you think the U.S. means by this? If they want economic influence in the region, would this create the same problems as European influence? BELLWORK: January 26th

7. Canadian Economy post-WWI • Pre-WWI: dependent on imports from Britain. • Due to wartime demand and the decline of British imports, textile and chemical production expanded. • War accelerated Canadian manufacturing • Canada went through a similar recession as Latin America immediately after war • By the mid-1920’s the Canadian economy boomed, mostly due to trade with the U.S.

8. Canadian Economy Post-WWI • Pre-WWI: Traded primarily with Britain • Post-WWI • Britain in debt • U.S. is the new world economic leader • U.S. investment in Canada increased • Trade with U.S. increased (ex: 75% of all paper produced was exported to U.S.)

9. Mid-1920’s: Recovery! Wheat was important export Huge growth in exploitation of natural resources Paper mills Mining Forestry Canadian Economy Post-WWI

10. U.S. and Canadian Relations • Instead of lending money to Canada (like Britain did)….. U.S. investors set up Branch Plants in Canada • Branch Plant: businesses owned & controlled by U.S. companies, but operated in Canada • Benefit for the U.S.: they did not have to pay taxes to import products into Canada…. Because these products were produced in Canada • EX: Car Companies (GM, Ford, Chrysler) replaced all Canadian car makers…. And did not pay a tax in Canada)

12. U.S. and Canadian Relations • Canadians happy with U.S. investments • No one really considered long-term consequences • Canadian economy based on Primary Industries (raw materials – mining, lumber, fish, etc.) • U.S. became major buyer • U.S. used these raw materials to make new products and sell them on the global market

13. Timber: Quebec City

14. To transport goods, the Canadian government expanded the railroad(British Columbia)

15. Urbanization of Canada • The growing economy & industries caused more people to move to the cities for jobs • Huge wave of immigration post-WWI to Canada • Less labor needed in agriculture (replaced by machinery) • Modern Canadian cities formed at this time (Vancouver, Toronto, Ottawa, Montreal) • Problems brought on by urbanization: slums, poverty, pollution

17. Partner Discussion • Foreign ownership of companies in Canada has been extremely controversial. Why do you think this is? Is U.S. influence in Canada more of a positive/negative thing? • How do you think the changes in the Canadian economy effected their relationship with Britain?

18. Current U.S. Branch Plants in Canada • General Motors Canada, Canada's largest automotive manufacturer, Canadian owned by Detroit-based, General Motors • Wal-Mart Canada, wholly owned by Wal-Mart of the US • Ford Motor Company of Canada, owned by the American Ford company • Imperial Oil, controlled by ExxonMobil, which owns 69.8% of its stock. • Ultramar fuels, owned by US-based Valero • Costco, whose Canadian operations are the 7th largest private company, is based in Seattle • Sears Canada, one of the largest retailers, controlled by the US Sears Holdings Corporation • IBM Canada, owned by IBM • Safeway Canada supermarkets, owned by Safeway Inc. • McDonald's Canada, owned by McDonald's • Pratt & Whitney Canada owned by US United Technologies Corporation

19. Post-WWI U.S. Economy From boom to bust

20. Review: Why did the U.S. vote against ratification of the Treaty of Versailles?

21. Discussion • Post-WWI, the U.S. experienced an economic “boom.” Why? What contributed to the growth of the U.S. economy? List as many reasons as possible!

22. 1920’s America saw a dramatic change in business and industry; including: New industries Higher wages Better working conditions More corporations U.S. Economy Post-WWI

23. Americans as Consumers • In the 1920’s America’s standard of living improved as necessities and luxuries were more affordable. • Higher wages and buying on credit contributed to this trend. • Products were mass produced • This concept of mass production was started by Henry Ford.

25. Henry Ford • He was one of the first industrialists to act on the realization that each worker is also a consumer. • In an era where $2 a day was considered a good pay, Ford paid his workers $5 • Reduced the workweek at his plant from a 48-hour, 6-day week to a 40-hour, 5-day week. • Ford was able to do this because his methods of production made tremendous profits. ($264,000/day) • He was the first to use the assembly line to mass produce his Model-T cars.

28. MODEL-T

30. A method of mass production in which every employee has a specific task. With the assembly line, workers with fewer skills were able to operate specialized machines designated for specific tasks. Assembly Line

31. Automobile’s Effect on America • The car defined the U.S. in the 1920’s. • In 1927, Americans owned 4 out of 5 of the world’s cars, averaging 1 car for every 5.3 persons. • The Model-T transformed the car to an item moderate-income families could afford. • The booming automobile industry created a rise in other industries: steel, gasoline, glass, rubber, garages, restaurants, tourism, and camps. • At the end of WWI, the U.S. had only 7,000 miles of roads. By 1927, U.S. had 50,000 miles.

32. Just a day at the office…… Henry Ford (2nd from right) meets with John Parameter (Canadian PM), Calvin Coolidge (US Pres) & Thomas Edison

34. Consumerism • Consumerism: increasing consumption of goods is economically desirable • Contributors to consumerism: • Radio • Advertising • High Wages • Buying on Credit

35. Discussion • As you know, the U.S. emerged from WWI as the world’s leading creditor, investor, and wealthy nation. This caused countries within the region to become more linked and dependent on the U.S. • Analyze the advantages and disadvantages of this reliance on the US economy.

36. Discussion • Compare/contrast the post-WWI economies of Latin America, Canada, and the United States.

37. The Century, America’s Time: From “boom” to “bust!”