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Chapter 18 The Cold War Era,1945-1954

Chapter 18 The Cold War Era,1945-1954. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY. Cold War Origins. Wartime Diplomacy Soviets and the U.S. were allies in WWII Feb. 1945, the “Big Three” met at Yalta to discuss the post war era Churchill, FDR and Stalin

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Chapter 18 The Cold War Era,1945-1954

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  1. Chapter 18The Cold War Era,1945-1954 Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

  2. Cold War Origins • Wartime Diplomacy • Soviets and the U.S. were allies in WWII • Feb. 1945, the “Big Three” met at Yalta to discuss the post war era • Churchill, FDR and Stalin • Decided the Soviets would fight Japan for some territory • Soviets would control eastern Europe • Would allow elections • Germany would be divided into four zones with elections to be held • Agreed to form the United Nations

  3. The United Nations • Chartered by 50 nations in San Francisco • First meeting in April 1945

  4. Soviet Expansion in Europe • Potsdam Conference • July 1945 • FDR is dead and Churchill had to leave part-way through it (Clement Attlee) • Stalin dominated the conference and took back his promises • No elections held in the east • USSR delayed getting into the Pacific war • Europe was divided • Capitalist democracies in the west • Soviet-controlled communists governments in the east

  5. Expansion in Europe cont. • Containing the Soviets • Truman followed George F. Kennan’s ideas • Must contain the Soviets • The Iron Curtain • Churchill thought the division was permanent • In Fulton, MO, Churchill stated eastern Europe had fallen behind an “iron curtain” • He thought they wanted to spread communism • Civil war in Greece and conflicts in Turkey

  6. The Soviets were trying to spread communism • Satellite nations – countries dominated by the Soviet Union.

  7. Soviet Expansion in Europe cont. • The Truman Doctrine • March 1947, the U.S. will help any nation resisting communism • Gave military and economic aid to Greece and Turkey • Policy of Containment • The Marshall Plan • War-ravaged Europe was susceptible to communism • Normandy (then and now) • George Marshall, Sec. of State proposed giving massive aid to rebuild Europe • 1948-1951: gave $13 billion in aid to western Europe

  8. Germany Divided

  9. Crisis in Berlin • Germany was divided into four zones • US, USSR, UK, and France • Berlin was also divided within the Soviet zone • Stalin feared a reunited Germany • Will do anything to prevent another invasion • The Berlin Blockade • June 7, 1948: UK, US, and France announced they would unite their zones to form West Germany • June 24: the Soviets cut off Berlin to the west w/ troops

  10. Crisis in Berlin cont. • The Berlin Airlift (July 1948) • Planes flew supplies to the 2 million citizens cut off • Lasted 10 months • Sent a message to Stalin that he would not bully Truman • The blockade ended in May 1949 • Oct. 1949, two nations: East Germany and West Germany Berlin airlift and NATO

  11. Two Armed Camps • Beginning of the Cold War • The US and USSR never actually fought • Competed for allies and built up the military • A conflict of ideologies • Communism vs. capitalism • Dictatorship vs. democracy • NATO • North Atlantic Treaty Org. • April 1949, ten nations pledged to fight for each other if one was attacked • Led by the US • Warsaw Pact • 1955, pro-communism countries join together

  12. Two Armed Camps cont. • The United States Rearms • Natl. Security Council wanted to destroy communism • The US will fight communism where it arises • Started developing the H-bomb after the Soviets exploded an A-bomb in 1949 • H-bombs • US: 1952 • USSR: 1953

  13. Two Armed Camps cont. • Independence Movements • Europe gave up its colonies • The US and USSR tried to gain allies in these new countries • Philippines, India, Pakistan, Burma, and 25 nations in Africa • The Third World • 1948, Israel was created out of Palestine • Supposed to create a country of Palestine and have Jerusalem be an international city • Arabs attacked Israel the day after independence Israel was the main cause of tension in the Middle East after World War II.

  14. Chapter 18.2 The Cold War Heats Up

  15. Two Armed Camps cont. • Communism in China • 1949, after a long civil war, Mao Zedong and communism drove the democratic armies to Taiwan • Led by Chiang Kai-shek • The U.S. recognized the Taiwan govt. as China’s govt.

  16. The Korean War • A. Conflict in Korea • Under Japanese control until 1945 • The US and USSR divided it along the 38th parallel • Soviets controlled the north • America, the south • Both could not agree on how to reunite the two • Pulled their forces out in 1949 • June 25, 1950, N. Korea invaded S. Korea • Korean War

  17. Stalemate in Korea • Soviets unexpectedly suggested a cease-fire on June 23, 1951. • Truce talks began in July. • Two agreement points: • Location of the cease-fire line at the existing battle line • the establishment of a demilitarized zone between the opposing sides. • Cost to America: 54,000 American Lives • $67 Billion in expenditures

  18. Truman Fires MacArthur • Truman and MacArthur did not agree on tactics in the Korean war. MacArthur wanted to extend the war into China. Truman did not. Despite several warnings, McCarthy criticized the President. • April 11, 1951 Truman fired MacArthur • At first Americans were outraged, but they soon came around to support Truman. • “Old soldiers never die, they just fade away.”

  19. Chapter 18.3 The Cold war at home

  20. The Red Scare • Cold War Fears • Subversion and sabotage • Soviets had the A-bomb in 1949, H-bomb in 1953 • Americans worried about spies and sympathizers • Reds • Red Scare was hunt for communists • People accused Truman of being soft on communism • Investigations into the loyalty of federal employees

  21. Cold War Fears cont. • Loyalty Oaths and Investigation • People had to swear oaths of allegiance • 1950, McCarran Act required all communists groups to register w/ the govt.

  22. Fear of Communist Influence • 100,000 Americans claimed membership in the Communist party • Loyalty Review Board – (March 1947) • President Truman issued an executive order setting up the Federal Employee Loyalty Program • Its purpose was to investigate government employees and to dismiss those who were found to be disloyal to the U.S. government

  23. The House Un-American Activities Committee • HUAC and the Red Scare • 1947 • Began to investigate Communist activity in the movie industry • Communist propaganda films • 47 “friendly” to the committee • Including Gary Cooper

  24. Hollywood Ten • 10 “unfriendly” known as “the Hollywood Ten” • These men did not cooperate with the government because they believed that the hearings were unconstitutional. • They were sent to prison for not answering questions

  25. Spy Cases in America • Alger Hiss – State Department Official • 1948 • Accused of spying for the Soviets • Congressman Richard Nixon gained fame for pursuing the charges against Hiss. • Convicted of perjury (lying about passing the documents) • Sent to jail

  26. The Rosenberg's • Ethel and Julius Rosenberg • 1950, Klaus Fuchs (German-born physicist) was admitted giving the Soviet Union information for the Atomic bomb • The Rosenberg's were implicated on the Fuchs case • They were found guilty of espionage and sentenced to death by the electric chair • Alger Hiss and the Rosenberg’s

  27. McCarthyism • 1950-1954, Joseph McCarthy of Wis. was the most powerful man in the US • Alleged he had a list of 205 people who were communist in the State Dept. • No proof • Used these accusations to help politically • Attacked the Democrats • Accused officials and held hearings for the next four years • Nixon made a name for himself attacking communist

  28. McCarthyism cont. • McCarthy’s Downfall • Accused the military of having communist’ • Televised hearings watched by millions • They saw him as a cruel bully with no proof • Dec. 1954, Congress formally censured him • Died of alcoholism in 1957 video

  29. Two Nations Live on the Edge Chapter 18, Section 4 Notes

  30. Nuclear Arms Race • Began during Truman’s Presidency • Soviets exploded atomic bomb in 1949 • US entered into race for Hydrogen Bomb • Even more destructive – immoral? • US explodes H-Bomb in 1952 • Soviets exploded H-Bomb 1953

  31. Brinkmanship • Dwight D. Eisenhower – President • John Foster Dulles – Secretary of State • ANTI-COMMUNIST • A moral crusade against communism • Brinkmanship – willingness to go to the edge of all-out war • US trimmed army and navy to focus on its air force • Built up nuclear weapons

  32. Cold War Spreads • CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) • Collected information – spies • Covert operations • Iran • Prime Minister Mossadegh nationalized oil fields • CIA helped the Shah of Iran return to power • Turned oil fields back over to Western companies • Guatemala • CIA took covert action to change the govt.

  33. Cold War Spreads • Warsaw Pact • Soviets form military alliance with E. Europe • Geneva Summit • “open skies proposal” – allow flights • Soviets reject it, but it’s a step towards peace • Suez War • Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal • Israel, Britain, and France sent troops • UN defused situation

  34. Eisenhower Doctrine • Eisenhower’s Warning • US would defend the Middle East against communist attack

  35. Hungarian Uprising • Soviets had dominated Hungary • Hungarians revolted in 1956 – Democracy! • Soviets brutally responded and put down rebellion • US did nothing – Hungary was a satellite

  36. Space Race • Khruschev took power after Stalin • Peaceful coexistence • Competition! • Soviets launched Sputnik in 1957 • World’s first artificial satellite • US frantically tries to catch up • Pours in money

  37. U-2 Incident • CIA made secret flights over USSR (U-2) • Eisenhower and Krushchev holding another summit • Dulles – make one last flight! • Soviets shoot down the plane • Flown by Francis Gary Powers • Renewed Confrontation • Eisenhower at first denies then admits incident • Krushchev demands apology • Eisenhower says NO! -- TENSION

  38. Cool website http://makkaynic.wikispaces.com/The+Cold+War (Berlin Wall video)

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