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Murder of Emmitt Till (July 25, 1941 – August 28, 1955) Till was an African-American boy who was murdered in Mississippi at the age of 14 after “flirting” with a white woman. Till was from Chicago, llinois he was visiting relatives in the Mississippi Delta region when he spoke to 21-year-old Carolyn Bryant, the wife of a small grocery store owner. Several nights later, Bryant's husband Roy and his half-brother J. W. Milam, arrived at Till's great-uncle's house where they took Till, transported him to a barn, beat him and gouged out one of his eyes, before shooting him through the head and disposing of his body in the Tallahatchie River, weighting it with a 70-pound (32 kg) cotton gin fan tied around his neck with barbed wire. His body was discovered and retrieved from the river three days later.
Murder of Emmitt Till The trial attracted a vast amount of press attention. Bryant and Milam were acquitted of Till's kidnapping and murder, but months later, protected by double jeoprady, they admitted to killing him in a magazine interview. Till's murder is noted as one of the leading events that motivated the African American Civil Rights Movement.
Rosa Parks Civil rights activist Rosa Louise Parks was born February 4, 1913 in Alabama. Grew up with segregation. (KKK) Dropped out of school in Montgomery and got a job in a shirt factory. Married a Barber named Raymond Parks. With his support she got a high school degree in 1933. Both active in (NAACP) National Association for the Advancement of Colored people.
Montgomery Bus Boycott • An Alabama city code that required all public transportation to be segregated. Bus Drivers had the authority of policemen. • Drivers were required to provide separate but equal accommodations for white and black passengers by assigning seats. • On December 1, 1955 Rosa Parks boarded the Cleveland Avenue bus. Rosa Parks sat in the colored section of the bus, but the bus filled up and the bus driver demanded she give up her seat for a white passenger. Parks refused to give up her seat and was then arrested.
This lead to African American community leaders to meet at Mt. Zion Church. • Forming (MIA) Montgomery improvement act. Along with Martin Luther King. • The success of the boycott lead to protests. (carpooling, and walking)
Southern Christian Leadership Conference • It was created after the Montgomery Bus Boycott began in 1957. • The main plan of the SCLC was to help advance the civil rights movement in a non-violent way • Of course from its beginning its president was Martin Luther King Jr. up until his assassination in 1968.
Southern Christian Leadership Conference • It called for three “wants”. • 1. White Americans were not to stand by and watch the wrongs that were being committed against the black community. • 2. African American were called to “seek justice and reject all injustice”. • 3. All members had to accept the non-violent philosophy of the organization no matter what happened to them.
Central Rock High School Danielle Fix 04/13/11 1st period
Central Rock High School This high school is located in Little Rock, Arkansas. “The Little Rock Nine” was a huge event during the civil rights movement because no other school had been desegregated before. These 9 brave black kids were enrolled into an all white school after first getting turned away by the National Guard. It took a lot of courage from these kids to enter into a big mob of people yelling harsh things at them and to enter an all white school.
Central Rock High School September 4, 1957, 9 black students attempt to enter central high but are turned away by the national guard. September 23,1957, the students reenter the school through a side door and are taken to the principles office to get there assignments.
Ryan Coe U.S. History Honors Class: 1st Period
Motown • Motown is a record label that was originally founded by Berry Gordy, Jr. and incorporated as Motown Record Corporation in Detroit, Michigan, USA, on April 14, 1960. The name, of motor and town, is also a nickname for Detroit. Top artists on the Motown label during that period included Diana Ross & The Supremes, The Four Tops, The Jackson 5, Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye, The Temptations, and Gladys Knight & the Pips.
Motown • Motown played an important role in the racial integration of popular music, as it was the first record label owned by an African American even if it was not the first to feature primarily African-American artists. Motown achieved a crossover success. In the 1960s, Motown and its soul-based subsidiaries were the most successful proponents of what came to be known as The Motown Sound, a style of soul music with a distinct pop influence.
Greensboro Sit-In Danni Green • February 1, 1960 • Four African-American college boys sat in a “whites only” at Woolworth’s lunch center in Greensboro. • They were refused service and asked to leave. • The boys remained in their seats, thus igniting a passive resistance that led to a six month protest. Ezell A. Blair, Jr., Franklin E. McCain, Joseph A. McNeil, and David L. Richmond • June 25, 1960 Woolworth’s was desegregated because of these young men’s persistence and valor.
The Greensboro Sit-In is thought of as a milestone in civil rights activism and movements. • In fact, this was the inspiration behind the creation of SNCC, or The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee.
Freedom Riders Freedom riders were civil activists that rode busses into the South to test the limits of Boynton v. Virgina The first Freedom Ride left Washington D.C on May 4, 1961 At many bus stops the Freedom Riders were arrested and treated poorly
James Meredith • Born June 25, 1933, • Kosciusko, Mississippi, U.S. • American civil rights activist who was nationally renown at a civil rights movement in 1962. • He was the first African American student at the University of Mississippi.
James Meredith • Many people blocked Meredith's entrance, but, following large campus riots that left two people dead, Meredith was admitted to the university under the protection of federal marshals.
James Meredith • In June 1966 he began a solitary protest march, which he called the March Against Fear, from Memphis, Tennessee, to Jackson, Mississippi, when he was shot by a sniper. • Meredith was able to rejoin after a period of hospitalization.
George Wallace At University of Alabama
George Wallace • Governor of Alabama • Southern Populist • Campaigned a pledge to block integration • On June 11, 1963, George Wallace stood in front of the Foster Auditorium at The University of Alabama in order to stop desegregation by the enrollment of Vivian Malone and James Hood.
This became known as the “Stand in the Schoolhouse Door” • After being confronted by federal marshals and the Alabama National Guard, he stood aside.
Medgar Evers 1925-1963 Medgar Evers lived in Mississippi, a place that didn’t hold back discrimination. He was a field secretary for the NAACP Assassinated for his involvement in civil rights on June 12, 1963
Assassination Evers was assassinated the same day as Kennedy- June 12, 1963 He was shot in the back on his doorstep carrying a handful of t-shirts that read “Jim Crow Must Go!” after returning home late from a NAACP meeting he was 37 years old He was one of the first major civil rights leader to be assassinated in the 1960s The NAACP awarded Evers with the 1963 Spingarn Award
Byron de la Beckwith An outspoken opponent to integration and a founding member of Mississippi’s White Citizen Council Tried twice for the murder of Evers Both trials ended in hung juries Sam Baily, an Evers associate, said, "a white man got more time for killing a rabbit out of season than for killing a Negro in Mississippi."
March On Washington Took place in 1963 in Washington, D.C., and some 250,000 people attended for the gaining of equality for African Americans. It was the largest demonstration seen at the nation’s capital, and one of the first to be televised. Some reasons for the march were the elimination of racial segregation in public schools, and the providing of jobs without discrimination.
March On Washington Some organizations included the “Big Six”, Congress of Racial Equality, Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and many more. Both black and white Individuals marched from the Washington Monument to the Lincoln Memorial demanding various rights to be granted. On this day the famous, “I have a dream” speech by MLK Jr. was given and also a speech by John Lewis of the SNCC. SIGNIFICANCE Held an impact on the passage of civil rights legislation and also on nationwide public opinion. This march proved the power of mass appeal and inspired imitators in the antiwar, feminist, and environmental movements.
The Birmingham Bombing was the bombing of the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church in 1963 by an accused member of the KKK. Four black children were killed and several more injured. Birmingham Bombing
One of the principal organizations of the civil rights movement in the 1960s. • It emerged from a series of student meetings led by Ella Baker held at Shaw University in Raleigh, North Carolina in April 1960. • They did sit-ins and freedom rides and played a key role in the March on Washington, Mississippi Freedom Summer and the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party. SNCC was significant because it gave young African Americans a sense of freedom and real change. SNCC fought hard on topics such as black voter registration and women’s rights. March on Washington focused mainly on civil and economic rights for African Americans and made history with Martin Luther King Jr.’s “I Have a Dream” speech. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
Alex Shiroma Mississippi Burning1964 • Freedom Summer Campaign • Volunteers opened Freedom Schools • Encouraged blacks to register to vote • Encouraged boycotts • Freedom Schools • Taught Black History • Taught Civil Rights philosophy • Curriculum encouraged social change • Produced a more confident generation to fight for equality BUT… Local opposition was strong. And when the KKK heard a local church was being converted into a freedom school it was burnt down and 3 men were murdered.
Andrew Goodmen, James Chaney, and Michael Schwerner (All Volunteer Workers) were arrested after the burning of Mt. Zion Methodist Church. • After their release, they were met by a white mob who shot and killed all three volunteer workers. • When notified of the three missing men, Attorney General Robert Kennedy sent the FBI to investigate. • Court case was sent to the Supreme court, where only 2 men (out of 19 who participated in the murder) were convicted.
Malcolm X • Malcolm X, real name Malcolm Little, born in Omaha, Nebraska on May 19, 1925. • He was sentenced to 8-10 years in prison for larceny and breaking-and-entering in 1946 at the age of 20. • While in prison, he converted to the Nation of Islam, which preached black self-reliance and freedom for American and European oppression.
Malcolm X • After preaching and leading many Nation of Islam masses and Civil Rights movement. • His teachings were based off of black superiority and a separation of the races, rejecting non-violence and instead resorting to any means necessary to help their movement. • Him and the Nation of Islam were considered extremists and threatening to racial relations. • He left the Nation of Islam in 1964 after having commenting on JFK’s assassination, and later founded his own religious establishment, Muslim Mosque Inc. • In 1965, he was assassinated at an Organization of Afro-American Unity conference by members of the Nation of Islam.
Selma, Alabama Adam Boyle 1st Period Mcabee
Selma, Alabama More than half of the town was composed of African Americans Selma to Montgomery Marches March 7, 1965 – “Bloody Sunday” -Edmund Pettus Bridge DCVL
Voting Rights Act of 1965 By: Anderson Lippard
Key Facts • Lyndon B Johnson put voting rights as his top priority. • Went into effect on August 6, 1965. • Signed 2 days after “Bloody Sunday,” which happened in Selma, Alabama. • Banned the use of literacy tests and discrimination. • Increased rights for non-English speaking Americans. • Pushed for by nonviolent protesters. • Allowed government to oversee voting polls in places that questioned eligibility or had less than a 50 percent turnout in the year of 1964.
Watts Riots BY KYLE NIKITAS
August 11, 1965 The atmosphere in the Watts District of Los Angeles turned upside down when a police patrol stopped Marquette Frye. The police officer suspected Frye of driving while intoxicated. A crowd assembled as Frye was asked to step out of his vehicle. When the arresting officer drew his gun, the crowd erupted in a spontaneous burst of rage. The local citizens of Watts believed that the police department was too forceful. They were tired of being turned down for jobs in Watts favoring the white employers who lived in wealthier neighborhoods. They were troubled by the overcrowded living conditions in rundown apartments.
The Frye incident was the match that ignited the fire. His arrest caused five days of rioting, looting, and smoldering flames. The National Guard had to take over because of the extreme uprising. When the smoke cleared, 34 people were killed, nearly 4000 were arrested, and there were over 40 million dollars worth of property damage.
Stokely Carmichael calls for “black power” Stokely Carmichael was first a leader of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and later the Honorary Prime Minister of the Black Panther Party. Black Power is a political slogan espoused by black racialists as a means of solidarity between individuals within the movement. “It is a call for black people in this country to unite, to recognize their heritage, to build a sense of community. It is a call for black people to define their own goals, to lead their own organizations.”
Black Panthers A far-left revolutionary African-American political party. Formed in 1966, disbanded in 1982. Created and led by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale. It was intensely anti-racist, and had armed citizens patrol streets to monitor the behavior of police officers and oversee Black Panther programs. Focused on socialism without racial exclusivity. However, its political goals were usually overshadowed by its confrontational and sometimes violent behavior. Was made up mostly of militant African-American youths.
