Nervous System

1. Nervous System Joshua Leitao & Kim Hoffman Biomed Honors Period 7

2. Nervous System • The nervous system, and the endocrine system work together to maintain homeostasis in response to changing environmental factors • The nervous system controls, and coordinates body function and enables the body to respond to or act on environmental stimuli Functions: - Monitors the internal and external environments - Integrates sensory information - Coordinates voluntary and involuntary responses of other organ systems • These functions are preformed by cells called neurons • There are two systems within the nervous system, such as the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

3. Central Nervous System • Functions: - Processes sensory data, and the transmission of motor commands - Acts as control center for intelligence, memory, and emotion After processing the sensory data the CNS sends motor commands to the muscles, glands, and adipose tissue. • It consists of the brain and spinal cord • Brain: • Performs complex integrative functions • Controls both voluntary and automatic activities • Spinal Cord: • Relays information to and from the brain • Performs less complex integrative functions • Directs many simple involuntary activities

4. Peripheral Nervous System • Functions to allow the CNS to communicate to the rest of the body • Receptors from the PNS collect the sensory data for the CNS to process that data • Peripheral Nerves are made up of axons encased in connective tissues • Axons carry all sensory information and motor commands

5. Neurons (Nerve Cells) • Neurons are cells that operate the nervous system • Nerve cells function to communicate with one another, and other different cells • Neurons are supported, and protected by surrounding cells called neuroglia • Neuroglia regulate the external environment around the neurons, and there are more neurogilia than neurons, so they can successfully surround the neurons • Nerves cells communicate through: • Impulses, which is the transmission of a coded signal from a stimuli • Electrical impulses, neuron to neuron, and chemical impulses, neuron to other cell

7. Classification of Neurons: • Sensory neurons, neurons that collect external and internal stimuli • Motor neurons, neurons that respond to stimuli to move the body • Interneurons, distribution of sensory information, and the coordination of motor activity through the brain and the spinal cord • Types of Neurons: • Multipolar neurons, has two or more dendrites, and a single axon. Most common in the CNS • Unipolar neuron, most sensory neurons that have continuous dendrites and axons with the cell body off to the side • Bipolar neuron, one dendrite and one axon, with the cell body between them • Types of Neuroglia: • Astrocytes, largest and most common, which secrete chemicals vital to the CNS • Oligodendrocytes, coat axons with myelin, a protective sheet of fat • Microglia, phagocytic cells derived from the WBC in the CNS • Ependymal cells, cavities in the CNS that are filled with cerebrospinal fluid • Satellite cells, support and surround neuron cell bodies in the PNS • Schwann cells, cells that cover every axon outside of the CNS in the PNS

9. Vocab • Axon terminals- secrete and store neurotransmitters • Neurotransmitters- chemicals released from a neuron that attaches itself to chemical receptors in the membrane of another neuron and promote production or inhibit changes • Synapse- specialized fluid filled gaps through which nerves send signals to each other and other non-neuron cells • Presynaptic neuron- a neuron that releases the neurotransmitters (send message) • Postsynaptic neuron- a neuron that accepts the neurotransmitters (receive message) • Receptor proteins- specialized shaped proteins that accept particular neurotransmitters • Transport proteins- specialized shaped proteins that bring extra neurotransmitters back into the presynaptic neuron

10. Diseases Associated with the Nervous System • Alzheimer Disease • Broca Aphasia • Cerebello-Olivary Degeneration of Holmes • Choroid Plexus Papilloma • Huntington Disease • Kluver-Bucy Syndrome • Locked-In Syndrome • Multiple Sclerosis • Parkinson Disease • Parinaud Syndrome • Pituitary Adenoma • Tourette Syndrome • Wallenberg Syndrome • Weber Syndrome • Wernicke/Korsakoff Syndrome • Wilson Disease

11. Klüver-Bucy Syndrome • A behavioral disorder that occurs when both the right and left temporal lobe of the brain malfunctions • This syndrome was previously only found in monkeys • When part of the monkeys temporal lobe is removed, then the monkey cannot recognize objects • Effects: • Constantly sticking foreign objects in their mouth • Become hyperactive and hypersexual making physical contact with everything, and anything • They become wild, fearful, and aggressive • Memory loss • In humans: inability to recognize objects, faces, and other memory disorders, and even dietary changes

12. Locked-In Syndrome • Syndrome is due to stokes, tumors, or trauma • This effects render a patient unable to speak, and incapable of facial movement • They look like they’re in a coma, but they are conscious and awake, and they can move their eyes • Individuals lack coordination between breathing and voice, thus they can’t speak even though their vocal cords are not paralyzed • Overall, they are literally locked inside themselves from the external environment

13. Choroid Plexus Papilloma • Rare disease • Formulated by tumors in the brain that obstruct the cerebrospinal fluid flow • Choroid plexus, a giant tumor that is made up of cellular epithelium • Mainly affects children under the age of 5 • Cysts can form within the tumor • Symptoms: • Vomiting • Visual field defects • Headaches • These tumors can be surgically removed

14. Outline: • Nervous System: • Functions • Subdivisions of system, CNS, & PNS • Cellular Organization- Neurons & Neuroglia: • Types of neurons • Functions • Classification of neurons • Types of neuroglia • Parts of neurons (diagram) • Diseases: • Kluver-Bucy Syndrome • Locked-In Syndrome • Choroid Plexus Papilloma

15. Work Cited • Martini, Frederic H., and Edwin F. Bartholomew. Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology. Fourth ed. San Francisco, CA: Pearson Education, 2007. Print. • "Nervous System Diseases." Object Moved. University of Idaho, 1 Jan. 2008. Web. 30 Apr. 2012. <http://www.sci.uidaho.edu/med532/Disease_index.htm>. • Koger, Joseph. Biomed notes, “Nervous System.” 03/14/2012

16. Class Assignment: • Label and Identify the key parts of a Neuron:

17. Matching • Neurons neuroglia sensory neuron motor neuron interneurons synapse Locked- In Syndrome Choroid Plexus microglia Klüver-Bucy Syndrome Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System • A system made up of receptors ______________________________. • Distribution of sensory information, and the coordination of motor activity through the brain and the spinal cord ____________________________. • Cells that communicate with one another _______________________________. • Neurons that collect external, and internal stimuli ___________________________. • A behavioral disorder that is found in monkeys ____________________________. • Neurons that respond to stimuli to move the body __________________________. • A giant tumor that is made up of cellular epithelium _________________________. • Processes sensory information, which includes the brain and the spinal cord ________________________________. • Support, and protection mechanism for neurons ____________________________. • Specialized fluid filled gaps through which nerves send signals to each other and other non-neuron cells _______________________. • A syndrome where the patient can’t speak or move ________________________. • Phagocytic cells derived from the WBC in the CNS __________________________.