Classical Conditioning

1. Classical Conditioning Module 15

2. Learning • relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience

3. Classical Conditioning • Occurs when: a stimulus gains the power to cause a response because it predicts another stimulus that already produces that response • form of learning by association

4. Classical Conditioning:Practical Example How do you know when to change classes? stimulus (ringing bell) response (leaving classroom) prediction of another stimulus (time for class to end) that already produces that response (leaving classroom)

5. Stimulus-Response Relationship

6. Stimulus-Response Relationship

7. Components of Classical Conditioning

8. Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) • stimulus that triggers a response automatically and reflexively • example: hot water in the shower

9. Unconditioned Response (UCR) • automatic response to the UCS; not learned • example: jumping out of the way of the hot shower water

10. Conditioned Stimulus (CS) • stimulus that through learninghas gained the power to cause a conditioned response; must be a neutral stimulus • example: yelling “flush!”

11. Conditioned Response (CR) • response to the conditioned stimulus; usually the same as the UCR • example: jumping when you hear the word “flush!”

12. Classical Conditioning Example • The nurse says “Now this won’t hurt a bit” just before stabbing you with a needle. The next time you hear “This won’t hurt” you cringe in fear. Cringing in fear Needle Classical Conditioning Cringing in fear when you hear “This won’t hurt” Hearing “This won’t hurt”

13. Classical Conditioning Example • It is springtime and the pollen from the flowers causes you to sneeze. Soon you are sneezing at the mere sight of a flower…real or fake. Sneeze Pollen Classical Conditioning Sight of a flower (real or fake) Sneeze

14. Classical Conditioning Example • Your relationship is going badly and your significant other has yelled at you without warning several times. You now feel tense and fearful any time you are around him or her. Feel tense and fearful Yelling at you Classical Conditioning Feel tense and fearful Being around your significant other

15. Based on what you see in the following video clip, identify each element: Dwight holds his hand out to accept the Altoid Dwight being offered an Altoid Classical Conditioning Dwight holds his hand out to accept an Altoid Computer reboot sound The experiment in the video clip is based on the ideas of which scientist? Ivan Pavlov

16. Classical Conditioning:Individual Assessment

17. Classical Conditioning Example • Every time you see a scary movie, you always eat a box of thin mints. Now you find that just seeing thin mints makes you feel scared. Classical Conditioning

18. Classical Conditioning Example • To treat bedwetting, a pad that is sensitive to dampness is placed under the sheets.  When the pad becomes wet, it sounds an alarm and you wake up.  Eventually you don't need the alarm to wake up and your full bladder will wake you up. Classical Conditioning

19. Ivan Pavlov’s Discovery

20. Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) • A Russian physiologist • discovered classical conditioning while doing experiments on the digestive system of dogs

21. Read pages 286 – 288 & complete your reading organizer. • What was Pavlov investigating when he discovered classical conditioning? • What problem came up with Pavlov’s experiment after he had worked with a dog several times? • As Pavlov became more intrigued with his dogs’ “misbehavior,” what did he begin to wonder? Answer: the effects of salivation on the digestive process Answer: the more familiar the dog was with the procedure, the less likely he was to wait for the meat powder before salivating Answer: if he could control the salivation response by manipulating various stimuli in the environment

22. Ivan Pavlov

23. Pavlov’s Method of Collecting Saliva

24. Based on what you read, identify the following: Salivation Meat Powder Classical Conditioning Tuning Fork Salivation

25. Classical Conditioning in Everyday Life:Baby Albert

26. Behaviorism • psychology should only study observable behaviors, not mental processes • founder: John Watson

27. John Watson • believed mental processes could not be studied scientifically • Baby Albert phobia study

28. “Whatever Happened to Baby Albert?” Complete a reading organizer as you read the article • Who was baby Albert? • Describe the experiment in which he participated. • Describe how generalization was an outcome of Albert’s classical conditioning. • Did Albert complete the study? Why or why not? • How might this experiment have influenced Albert later in his life?

29. Baby Albert • 11-month-old infant • Watson and his assistant, Rosalie Rayner, conditioned Albert to be frightened of white rats • led to questions about experimental ethics

30. 4 Ethical Principles Guiding Human Research: • Informed consent – about nature of research & risks • Right to be protected from harm and discomfort • Right to confidentiality – can’t release data about individual participants • Right to debriefing – full explanation of research when involvement is done Which ethical principle/s, if any, do you think Watson’s experiment broke?

31. How is this an example of classical conditioning?

32. How is this an example of classical conditioning?

33. End Class Notes – Fall 2011

34. What are the three basic processes in classical conditioning?1) Acquisition2) Extinction3) Spontaneous Recovery

35. Acquisition • process of developing a learned behavior

36. Extinction • diminishing of a learned response • in classical conditioning, the continual presentation of the CS without the UCS • The Office example: • continual presentation of the _________ (CS) without the ____________ (UCS) computer sound offering of an Altoid

37. Spontaneous Recovery • reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response • recovered response is weaker & can be extinguished more easily

38. Generalization and Discrimination

39. Generalization • an organism produces the same response to two similar stimuli • the more similar the substitute stimulus is to the original, the stronger the generalized response Example:Fred has a fluffy down pillow with some of the down sticking out of the fabric. When he first tries out the pillow, a piece of down tickles his nose and he sneezes. He now sneezes every time he lays down on any kind of pillow.

40. Discrimination • an organism produces different responses to two similar stimuli • subject learns that one stimuli predicts the UCS and the other does not Examples:Pavlov using two different tuning forks; fear of buzzing insects after being stung by a bee

41. Baby Albert – During Conditioning

42. Baby Albert – After Conditioning

43. Baby Albert - Generalization

44. Classical Conditioning in Everyday Life:Taste Aversion

45. Taste Aversion • John Garcia: classically conditioned taste aversion could develop • subjects become classically conditioned to avoid specific tastes, because the tastes are associated with nausea