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Improving the Energy Performance of Homes and Households

Improving the Energy Performance of Homes and Households. Presented by: Allen Zimmerman, Professor The Ohio State University Wooster Campus and ATI students enrolled in the Construction Management Program. Typical Energy Use in Homes.

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Improving the Energy Performance of Homes and Households

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  1. Improving the Energy Performance of Homes and Households Presented by: Allen Zimmerman, Professor The Ohio State University Wooster Campus and ATI students enrolled in the Construction Management Program

  2. Typical Energy Use in Homes Residential energy use accounts for more than 20% of total energy consumption in the USA Appliances, Electronic Equipment, and Lighting Source: Energy Information Administration

  3. Water Conservation

  4. Water Conservation • Low-flow & ultra-low-flow toilets & fixtures • Efficient use of appliances • Personal habits • Landscaping options • EPA WaterSense Program

  5. Water Conservation Dual Flush Toilets Low Flow Shower Head www.powerhousemuseum.com http://resourcecenter.pnl.gov www.thedailygreen.com

  6. Heated Water Energy Conservation • House design & floor plans • Water heater efficiency – EF Ratings • Pipe insulation • Temperature setting: 120°F • Low-flow & ultra-low-flow fixtures • Efficient use of appliances • Personal habits • EPA WaterSense Program

  7. Heated Water Energy Conservation Pipe insulation http://resourcecenter.pnl.gov www.infolink.com

  8. Heated Water Energy Conservation On Demand Water Heater Insulated Hot Water Tank www.socalofficerealestateblog.com http://resourcecenter.pnl.gov

  9. Heat Transfer Basics • Conduction – Heat transfer through stationary building components • R values • Convection – Heat transfer via moving air • Air leakage and controlled ventilation • Measured in air changes per hour or CFM • Blower door test • Radiation – Heat transfer via electromagnetic radiation (EMR) • Of lesser importance, typically included with conduction

  10. Heat Transfer Basics Convection Radiation Conduction http://resourcecenter.pnl.gov

  11. Heat Loss for a Typical House For a 2000 sq ft house with a natural gas furnace Annual heating requirement: 700 Therms (100 ft3), $ _____ Annual AC requirement: 2600 KWH , $ _____

  12. Heat Loss for a Well-Insulated, Tight & Properly Ventilated House For a 2000 sq ft house with a natural gas furnace Annual heating requirement: 235 Therms (100ft3), $ _____ Annual AC requirement: 875 KWH, $ _____ Additional benefits: comfortable, safe, healthy, durable, and quiet

  13. Moisture Transfer Through the Building Envelope (Via Vapor) • Diffusion (5%): Water vapor transfer through materials. • Vapor retarders • Air Transport (95%): Water vapor transfer via air leakage. • Air sealing • Dew Point

  14. Moisture Transfer Through the Building Envelope (Via Vapor) Representative Example – Per Heating Season www.buildingscience.com

  15. Thermal/Airtight Envelope (Shell) Design and Construction Importance of house size in energy conservation www.energystar.gov

  16. Thermal/Airtight EnvelopeDesign and Construction • Insulation • Versus Air Barriers and Vapor Retarders • Types & Forms • Voids, Air Intrusion, Thermal Bridging • R value • Infrared (IR) Testing • Advanced Framing, Exterior Rigid Insulation, SIP, ICF

  17. Thermal/Airtight Envelope Design and Construction Insulation Defects www.energystar.gov www.cvcdirect.co.uk

  18. Thermal/Airtight Envelope Design and Construction • Air Sealing • Air Leakage • Versus Insulation and Vapor Retarders • Blower Door and IR Testing • Materials and Methods – Interior and Exterior • Taped Rigid Foam, Air Tight Drywall Approach, SIP, ICF, Spray Foam • Controlled Ventilation • Build Tight, Ventilate Right

  19. Thermal/Airtight Envelope Design and Construction http://resourcecenter.pnl.gov

  20. Controlled Ventilation Thermal/Airtight Envelope Design and Construction http://resourcecenter.pnl.gov

  21. Windows - Selection U-Factor: Reciprocal of R value *Measure of heat conductance Solar Heat Gain Coefficient: Values range between 0 – 1 *Higher values increase passive solar gain, lower values reduce air conditioning loads Visible Light Transmittance: Values range between 0 – 1 Air Leakage: Rated in units of CFM per sq ft of window area Energy Star Ratings Condensation Comfort www.nfrc.org

  22. Windows - Selection http://resourcecenter.pnl.gov

  23. Windows – Location & Total Area Views Aesthetics Window Placement Example: 40% South, 30% East, 20% West, 10% North Total Area 12 - 15% of floor area • Heat Loss (Winter) • Heat Gain (Summer) • Daylighting • Solar Gain: Winter versus Summer • Cross Ventilation • Sound Control • Safety

  24. Windows – Location & Total Area

  25. HVAC System Design andEquipment Selection • Air Conditioning Contractors of America (ACCA) Manual J, Manual S, Manual D, & Manual T • Right-sizing of Heating and Cooling Systems • Furnaces - Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency (AFUE) • Air Conditioners - Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER) • Heat Pumps - Heating Season Performance Factor (HSPF)or Coefficient of Performance (COP) • Return Grills in Bedrooms, etc.

  26. HVAC System Design andEquipment Selection http://resourcecenter.pnl.gov

  27. HVAC System Installation and Maintenance • Sealed Ducts • Insulated Ducts (Unconditioned Space) • Programmable Thermostats • High-Quality Filters • Performance Testing • Annual Maintenance

  28. HVAC System Installation and Maintenance Sealed and Insulated Ducts http://resourcecenter.pnl.gov

  29. HVAC System Installation and Maintenance Duct Defects A. Leaky duct connections B. Leaky return ducts C. Furniture blocking registers D. Leaks at furnace and air filter slot and duct tape failures E. Fallen duct insulation F. Leaky supply ducts G. Kinks in ductwork restricting airflow http://resourcecenter.pnl.gov

  30. HVAC System Installation and Maintenance Unsealed vs. Sealed Ducts Places to Seal Ducts http://resourcecenter.pnl.gov resourcecenter.pnl.gov

  31. HVAC System Installation and Maintenance Performance Testing Programmable Thermostat http://resourcecenter.pnl.gov

  32. Conservation of Electricity • Lighting • Selection • Efficient Use • Personal Habits • Energy Star

  33. Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL) Conservation of Electricity http://urbngreen.

  34. Light Emitting Diodes (LED) Conservation of Electricity www.ebest24.co.uk/

  35. Motion Sensor Conservation of Electricity www.drillspot.com

  36. Conservation of Electricity • Appliances • Selection • Efficient Use • Personal Habits • Energy Star

  37. Conservation of Electricity www.thermwise.com/

  38. Conservation of Electricity robert.accettura.com

  39. Conservation of Electricity • Electronic Equipment (Entertainment, Communications, etc.) • Selection • Efficient Use • Personal Habits • Standby (Vampire) Loads • Energy Star

  40. Power Strip Conservation of Electricity www.apartmenttherapy.com

  41. Home Heating Index (HHI) • The annual heating load (BTU) divided by the floor area of the house (ft2) and the heating degree days (HDD) for the locality. • Unit is BTU/ft2/HDD • HHI Performance Ratings for Houses with Combustion Heat Sources: • Very Poor >10 • Poor 7.5-10 • Moderate 5.0-7.5 • Good 2.5-5.0 • Very Good <2.5

  42. Calculating Home Heating Index • For a House with a Gas Furnace & Gas Water Heater • House Size (ft2) • Heating Degree Days (HDD) • 1. Therms (100 ft3) of Natural Gas used during the heating season (Oct-April) • 2. Therms of Gas required for water heating (use shoulder months as baseline) • 3. Therms of Gas required for space heating (subtract #2 from #1) • Convert therms in #3 to BTU • Calculate HHI: BTU/ft2/HDD

  43. Home Electrical Energy Index (HEEI) • Annual electrical consumption divided by the floor area of the house • Unit is KWH/ft2 • Representative values • Houses with gas furnaces & gas water heaters in Central Ohio: 4.4 • Houses with heat pumps & electric water heaters in Central Ohio: 9.3 • Houses with heat pumps & electric water heaters in Northern Ohio: 11.7 Data Source: Partnership for Advanced Technology in Housing

  44. Notice Anything Unusual Or Extraordinary About This House?

  45. Attributes of the HouseShown in Previous Slides • Comfortable • Healthy • Safe • Durable • Quiet • Affordable and • Energy Efficient!

  46. Actual Measured Energy Performance All Electric Home (2165 ft² ) with Baseboard Electric Heat – Wayne County Home Heating Index (HHI) – 1.4 BTU/ ft²/ HDD (eight year average) Home Electrical Energy Index (HEEI) –5.4KWH/ ft² (seven year average)

  47. Keys to Practical Energy-Efficient Homes • Apply Building Science • Plan, Design, Construct and Test Houses as a System

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