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LECTURE 10 PHOSPORUS INDUSTRIES Phosphorus (P) is a vital resource for sustaining world agriculture .

LECTURE 10 PHOSPORUS INDUSTRIES Phosphorus (P) is a vital resource for sustaining world agriculture . . Ch 61 Industrial Chem. EXAM II Feb. 1 Wed. Graduating Students: Review Paper on any Philippine based Chemical Industry. Focus on any:

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LECTURE 10 PHOSPORUS INDUSTRIES Phosphorus (P) is a vital resource for sustaining world agriculture .

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  1. LECTURE 10 PHOSPORUS INDUSTRIESPhosphorus (P) is a vital resource for sustaining world agriculture. Ch 61 Industrial Chem

  2. EXAM II Feb. 1 Wed.

  3. Graduating Students: Review Paper on any Philippine based Chemical Industry. Focus on any: Chemical Transformations and Material Balance (Cost Analysis) Unit Processes / Unit Operations Energy Requirements & Conservation Waste Management & Environmental Protection Program

  4. Format: Choose any: Powerpoint Presentation (15-20 pages) Wikipedia Article format (2-3 pages) Technical report format (3-4 pages) Due: February 24, Friday email to: rfabicon@gmail.com

  5. PHOSPHORUS- USES • Phosphates are used to make special glass that is an important component of sodium lamps. • Phosphorus is an essential nutrient for plants. It is, therefore, added to fertilizers. • In the laboratory, two radioactive isotopes of phosphorus can be used as radioactive tracers. • Calcium phosphate can be used to make fine china. • The strikers for matchsticks are made from phosphorus. Flares and safety matches are also made from phosphorus. • White phosphorus is used in incendiary bombs, smoke screens (such as smoke bombs) and tracer ammunition.

  6. Tributylphosphate, a compound of phosphorus, is used to extract uranium. This is called the Purex process. • Phosphorus is an important component of DNA and RNA. • Phosphorus is used in the production of steel. • Sodium tripolyphosphate is used in laundry detergents in some parts of the world. It helps in the cleaning of clothes. However, some countries have banned them as it leads to the killing of fish when leaked into waterways. • Other compounds of phosphorus are used in the manufacture of pesticides, food additives, toothpaste and fertilizers.

  7. PHOSPHATE ROCK Phosphate rock (PR) is a globally accepted but imprecise term describing any naturally occurring geological material that contains one or more phosphate minerals suitable for commercial use. Flourapatite admixed with various proportions of other compounds of Ca, F, Fe, Al, and Si. Flourapatite: CaF2.3Ca3(PO4)2, an extremely insoluble compound, Ca10F2(PO4)6

  8. PHOSPHATE ROCK PROCESSING ACIDULATION: The process of treating a fertilizer source with an acid. The most common process is treatment of phosphate rock with an acid (or mixture of acids) such as sulfuric, nitric, or phosphoric acid. PRODUCTS: Superphosphates, phosphoric acid, triple superphosphates, monoammonium phosphate,

  9. PHOSPHATE ROCK PROCESSING ELECTRIC FURNACE REDUCTION: Phosphate rock is blended with coke (reducing agent) and silica. Charged with electric current forming gaseous P, later condensed to liquid P. PRODUCTS: P, P2O5

  10. SUPERPHOSPHATES Product of the acidulation process: Ca3(PO4)2 + H2SO4 + 2H2O → CaH4(PO4)2+ 2CaSO4 monocalciumphosphate CaF2 + H2SO4 + 2H2O  CaSO4 + HF 4HF +SiO2→ SiF4 + 2H2O 3SiF4 + 2H2O → SiO2 + 2H2SiF6

  11. MANUFACTURE OF SUPERPHOSPHATE Preparation of phosphate rock Mixing with acid Curing and drying of the slurry Milling and bagging

  12. TRIPLE SUPERPHOSPHATE • A more concentrated fertilizer (in terms of P2O5 content) nearly 3X vs. superphosphate. • PR + 14H3PO4→ 10 Ca(H2PO4)2 + HF

  13. PHOSPHORIC ACID Uses: Fertilizers – 85% Detergent materials Animal feed Food, beverages

  14. PHOSPHORIC ACIDS - MANUFACTURE WET PROCESS: Ca3(PO4)2 + 3H2O + 4H2O  2H3PO4 + 3CaSO4

  15. Wet process phosphoric acid normally contains 26 to 30 percent P2O5. In most cases, the acid must be further concentrated to meet phosphate feed material specifications for fertilizer production. Depending on the types of fertilizer to be produced, phosphoric acid is usually concentrated to 40 to 55 percent P2O5 by using 2 or 3 vacuum evaporators.

  16. MANUFACTURE OF PHOSPHORIC ACID THERMAL: Raw materials for the production of phosphoric acid by the thermal process are elemental (yellow) phosphorus, air, and water. Thermal process phosphoric acid manufacture involves 3 major steps: (1) combustion, (2) hydration, and (3) demisting.

  17. PHOSPHORUS ELECTRIC FURNACE REDUCTION: 3Ca3(PO4)2 + 6SiO2 + 10C → CaSiO3 + P4 + 10CO

  18. SODIUM HOSPHATES Various forms: Orthophosphates: MSP NaH2PO4 DSP Na2HPO4 TSP Na3HPO4 Manufactuted from Phosphoric acid and Soda ash / caustic soda.

  19. PYROPHOSPHATE / TRIPOLYPHOSPHATE • Used as water softeners Tripolyphosphate: (STPP) NaH2PO4 + 2Na2HPO4 Na5P3O10 + 2H2O Pyrophosphate: (TSPP) 2Na2HPO4  Na4P2O7 + H2O

  20. LECTURE 11 POTASSIUM INDUSTRIESPhosphorus (P) is a vital resource for sustaining world agriculture. Ch 61 Industrial Chem

  21. POTASSIUM USES: Used in the production of alloys (heat transfer) Manufacture of KO2 in life support systems Manufacture: Na + KCl K + NaCl

  22. POTASSIUM CHLORIDE Uses: Fertilizer MANUFACTURE: TRONA PROCESS

  23. POTASSIUM SULFATE USES: Fertilizers Production: Na2CO3.2Na2SO4 (burkeite) + KCl

  24. POTASSIUM BISULFATE USES: Ceramics Manufacture: K2SO4 + H2SO4 2KHSO4

  25. POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE Caustic Potash Uses: Production of other K salts (K2CO3, KMnO4, etc) KCl for liquid fertilizers Pesticides and other chemicals Manufacture: Electrolysis

  26. POTASSIUM CARBONATE Uses: -pottery, soaps, adsorbent for acid gases Manufacture: CO2 + 2KOH + H2O

  27. POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE USES: Laboratory oxidizing agents (an expensive oxidizing agent) Manufacture: Passing CO2 through a KMnO3 solution KMnO3 from MnO2 + KOH + O2

  28. Potassium Bromide Uses: photographic emulsions, photoengraving, Sedative, Manufacture: 3Fe + 4Br2  Fe3Br8 Fe3Br8 + 4K2CO3 + 4H2O  8KBr + 2Fe(OH)3 + 4CO2

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