Questions? Comments? Last minute Phonetics questions?

1. Questions? Comments? Last minute Phonetics questions?

2. Consonants: Order of 3-part descriptive terms: Voicing -- Place o’ Articulation -- Manner o’ Articulation Phonetics Slide 13 PHONETICS - Chapter 2

3. English Consonants (voiceless sounds on the left) Phonetics Slide 21

4. Phonetics Slide 25 vowel words

5. Chapter 3 – Difficult! • Chapter 3 – Phonology • Chapter 3 Exercises: 4, 5, 7 (Due 4/24) • Click here or link below for better directions for Ex 4 and 5 – do not follow the directions in the book or you will be confused! • http://web.pdx.edu/~connjc/Directions%20for%20LING%20390%20Ch%203%20Exx%204%20and%205.pdf • Problem Set 2 (Due 4/29) – very tricky – look it over to make sure you don’t have any questions!

6. Phonology 1 Phonology • The component of the grammar that determines the selection of speech sounds and that governs both the sound patterns and the systematic phonetic variation found in language. • Segments (phones, sounds) - what we learned from phonetics • Features - parts of phones • Syllables - putting phones together in a larger structure

7. Phonology 2 Phonology • Looking for meaningful contrast between sounds • (distinctive sounds, sounds in opposition) • Minimal Pairs - 2 forms with distinct meanings that differ by only 1 segment found in the same position in each form (p.59) • Like 2 words that rhyme (minimal pairs test for consonants) • sip and zip show a meaningful difference between the segments [s] and [z]

8. Phonology 3 Phonology • Environment - the phonetic context in which a sound occurs • Near minimal pairs - like minimal pairs but environments aren’t entirely identical • Near minimal pairs used if minimal pairs can’t be found Minimal Pair sip and zip show a meaningful difference between the segments [s] and [z] Near Minimal Pair author and either show a meaningful difference between the segments

9. Phonology Practice 4 Phonology • Minimal Pairs Practice

10. Phonology Practice 5 Phonology • For each of the following pairs of English consonant phonemes, find a minimal pair

11. Phonology 6 Phonology • Minimal pairs used to find phonemes • Phonemes - segments that contrast with each other in a particular language belong to separate phonemes (p. 60) • Can’t always find MP for all phonemes in all environments • only occur in certain environments in English

12. Phonology 7 Phonology • English phonemes are shown on pages 60-61 • Note that there is no glottal stop or flap on the consonant chart - why?

13. Phonology 8 Phonology • English phonemes are shown on pages 60-61 • Note that there is no glottal stop or flap on the consonant chart - why? • What is considered a phoneme is language specific • If we say in English “do Len” we can change length of vowels and consonants and it’s doesn’t change the meanings of the words - Finnish no • Length in Finnish contrastive for both cons and vowels

14. Phonology 9 Phonology • Systematic variation - predictable changes in segments in certain environments • Not all ls are the same - who was surprised? Only voiceless [l] occurs after voiceless stop, so it is predictable. No voiced [l] occurs in this environment.

15. Phonology 10 Phonology • When 2 or more sounds never occur in the same environment then they are in complementary distribution

16. Phonology 11 • When 2 or more sounds never occur in the same environment then they are in complementary distribution

17. Phonology 12 • Allophones - When two or more segments are phonetically distinct but phonologically the same (predictable variation).

18. Phonology 13 Phonology • Phonetic representation - shows all allophones and all information about segments that is phonetically produced (manila folders) • Phonemic representation - only shows phoneme (green hanging file folder) Phonemic representation /p/ Phonetic representation

19. Phonology 14 Phonology • English – one phoneme /p/ and allophones include [p] and [ph] Phonemic representation /p/ [p] [ph] Phonetic representation • Thai – 2 phonemes /p/ and /ph/ Phonemic representation /p/ /ph/ [p] [ph] Phonetic representation

20. Phonology 15 Phonology • Searching for generalizations about systematic variation of sounds In English, liquids and glides have voiceless allophones after voiceless stops, and voiced allophones elsewhere.

21. Phonology 16 • Complementary Distribution - remember that the phoneme /p/ has 3 allophones: Environments Phonetic Environments Examples # ___ word initial ___ # word final s ___ after [s] ___ C before a consonants C ___ V between a consonant and a vowel V ___ V between two vowels V ___ # word-final after a vowel C ___ # word-final after a consonant

22. Phonology 17 Phonology

23. Phonology Practice 18 Phonology Practice Yes - minimal pairs 1-7; 2-8; 3-9; 4-10 so:

24. Phonology Practice 19 Phonology Practice Phonetic Environments # ___ word initial ___ # word final s ___ after [s] o ___ e between [o] and [e] Phonetic Environments ___ C before a consonant C ___ V between a consonant and a vowel V ___ V between two vowels V ___ # word-final after a vowel C ___ # word-final after a consonant

25. Phonology 20 Phonology organize your data

26. Phonology Practice 21 Phonology Practice Phonetic Environments # ___ word initial ___ # word final s ___ after [s] o ___ e between [o] and [e]

27. Phonology Practice 22 Phonology Practice Organize your data! = Where does each sound occur? List the specific immediately preceding sound and the specific immediately following sound (don’t generalize yet!) before [a], [o], [e], [o:], word initially, etc elsewhere all before [u] all before [i]

28. Phonology 23 Phonology • Underlying representation (UR) - the unpredictable phonological information represented in a phonemic representation (green folders) • Surface representations (PR) - the phonetic representations (manila folders) • We use rules (formalized phonological processes) to derive the PR from the UR

29. Phonology Practice 24 Phonology Practice

30. Phonology 25 Phonology Review • The component of the grammar that determines the selection of speech sounds and that governs both the sound patterns and the systematic phonetic variation found in language. • Phoneme - the idea of the sound and organizational unit for all its allophones - in yo’ head • Allophones - the phonetic realizations of the phoneme in certain phonetic environments - out yo’ mouth

31. Phonology 26 Phonology Review • Minimal Pairs - 2 forms with distinct meanings that differ by only 1 segment found in the same position in each form (p.59) • Minimal pairs used to find phonemes • Phonemes - segments that contrast with each other in a particular language belong to separate phonemes (p. 60) • When 2 or more sounds never occur in the same environment then they are in complementary distribution

32. Phonology Practice 27 Phonology Practice • Data from Zinacantec Tzotzil: Consider [p] and [p´] ; [k] and [k´] • Are they separate phonemes or allophones of the same phoneme? • [p´] and [k´] represent a glottalized sound, made with simultaneous closure of the glottis and constriction of the throat. (Consider them glottalized voiceless stops) They are separate phonemes! Proof = minimal pairs: 5-12 & 3-6 & 9-11 AND near minimal pairs: 1-7; 4-10; for extra support

33. Phonology Practice 28 Phonology Practice Answer They are different phonemes. Why? Minimal pairs a/e, b/f and near minimal pair c/d

34. Phonology Practice 29 Phonology Practice Are they separate phonemes? No – then organize your data!

35. Phonology Practice 30 Phonology Practice What is the distribution? This is complementary distribution – allophones of the same phoneme! Which is the phoneme?

36. Phonology 31 Distinctive Features • Features - smaller than the segment (subsegment) • Characteristics of segments - voicing, place, manner, etc. • Natural classes - group of sounds that share feature(s) in common • Sound is characterized by a feature matrix • Purpose of features is to represent sounds as a set of phonetic properties, to capture natural classes, and to show nature of allophonic variation (not just random)

37. Phonology 32 • Obstruents - some sort of obstruction (fricatives, stops and affricates) • Sonorants - “singable” - liquids, glides, nasals and vowel

38. Phonology 33 Major class features

39. Phonology 34 • Major class features • [ consonantal] - major obstruction in vocal tract • obstruents, liquids, nasals (not h and ʔ) (not glides) • [ syllabic] - sounds that can act as syllables • vowels, and syllabic consonants (not glides) • [ sonorant] - singable sounds • vowels, glides, liquids and nasals (even if voiceless)

40. Phonology 35 • Manner features • [ continuant] – sounds with free or nearly free airflow through oral cavity fricatives, liquids, glides and vowels (not stops, affricates (nasals included)) • [ delayed release] [ DR] – the release of a stop is slowed to create a fricative affricates only • [ nasal] – sounds produced with a lowered velum (through nasal passage) nasal stops and nasalized vowels • [ lateral] – sounds produced air flowing over sides of tongue only varieties of l are [+ lateral]

41. Phonology 36 • Laryngeal features • [ voice] – vocal folds vibrating or not • [ spread glottis] [ SG] – aspirated sounds are [+ SG] • [ constricted glottis] [ CG] – sounds made with a closed glottis are [+ CG] In English, only glottal stop is [+ CG]

42. Phonology 37 • Place o’ articulation features • Different from other features – only certain features apply to the 3 places • LABIAL – sounds made with at least one lip • CORONAL – sounds made with tongue tip or blade raised (front of tongue) • DORSAL – sounds made involving body of tongue

43. Phonology 38 • Place o’ articulation features LABIAL • [ round] – sounds produced by protruding the lips [+ round] is [w]; [– round] is [p, b, f, v]

44. Phonology 39

45. Phonology 40 • Place o’ articulation features DORSAL (for vowels and some consonants) • [ high] – tongue body raised higher than a central position DORSAL consonants (velars and palatals) and high vowels • [ low] – tongue body lowered lower than a central position low vowels are [+ low]; others are [– low]; not for consonants in English • [ back] – produced with tongue body behind palatal region [+ back] velar consonants and back vowels are [+ back]; palatals and front vowels not • [ tense] – tense vowels are [+ tense]; lax vowels are [– tense] • [ reduced] – if the vowel is reduced, it is [+ reduced] (always for schwa)

46. LABIAL CORONAL DORSAL [– strident] [+ strident] [– round] [+ back] [– back] [– anterior] [+ anterior] [+ round] Phonology 41 Consonants (C) [+ high]

47. [+ tense] = DORSAL [+ high] [– low] [– high] [– low] [– high] [+ low] [+ back] [– back] Phonology 42 Vowels (V) LABIAL [+ round]

48. Phonology 43 Consonants (C)

49. Phonology 44 Vowels (V)

50. Phonology Practice 45 Phonology Practice - Features In the following sets, all the sounds except one belong to the same natural class. One of these things is not like the others – which one is it? State the feature that the remaining sounds share. [+voice] or [-continuant] [+sonorant] or [-nasal] [-nasal] [-delayed release]