The Early Industrial Revolution, 1760 - 1851

1. The Early Industrial Revolution, 1760 - 1851 Chapter 22 (pp. 628 – 650)

4. Causes of the Industrial Revolution • Began in Northwestern Europe • Involved fundamental changes in the way goods were produced • Involved innovations in: • Mining • Manufacturing • Transportation • Communication

5. Factors Leading to the Rise of Industrial Production • Europe’s location on the Atlantic Ocean • An abundance of rivers and canals • The Geographical distribution of coal, iron and timber

7. Factors Leading to the Rise of Industrial Production • European demographic changes • Population Increases • Improved agricultural productivity • “Second Agricultural Revolution” • Enclosure Movement

8. Factors Leading to the Rise of Industrial Production • Urbanization • Ex. London, Manchester, etc. • Led to overcrowding, unsanitary conditions, etc.

9. Factors Leading to the Rise of Industrial Production • Legal protection of private property • The accumulation of capital

10. The Development of Machines • Wind/Water Power > Steam > “Fossil Fuels” • New machines (including engines) made it possible to exploit new resources stored in fossil fuels • Ex. Coal & Oil • Greatly increased energy available to society

11. The Factory System • Concentrated labor in a single location • Led to an increasing degree of specialization of labor

13. Steamships

14. Railroads

15. Telegraphs

16. Canals

17. Working Conditions • Women in industry • Child Labor

21. Effects • Factory Acts of 1819: • Children from 9-16 were limited to a 12 hour day. • Factory Acts of 1833: • Children under 9 were banned from all textile mills. • Children under 18 no longer worked at night • Provided safety inspections

22. Effects • Mine Acts • Children and women were no longer allowed to work in the coal mines

23. Changes in Society • New social classes • Middle Class • Industrial working class

28. New Economic and Political Ideas • Adam Smith • wrote The Wealth of Nations • Promoted Laissez Faire style government • Governments shouldn’t interfere in business • Free-market capitalism • “Invisible hand” • Financial institutions expanded • Ex. Stock markets, Limited Liability Corporations, etc.

29. Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations “By preferring the support of domestic to that of foreign industry, he intends only his own security; and by directing that industry in such a manner as its produce may be of the greatest value, he intends only his own gain, and he is in this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of his intention. Nor is it always the worse for the society that it was not part of it. By pursuing his own interest he frequently promotes that of the society more effectually than when he really intends to promote it. I have never known much good done by those who affected to trade for the public good. It is an affectation, indeed, not very common among merchants, and very few words need be employed in dissuading them from it.”

30. New Patterns of Global Trade • As new methods of production became common, industrialization spread to: • other parts of Europe • United States • Russia • Japan • Industrialists sought raw materials and new markets from non-industrialized nations

33. New Patterns of Global Trade • Need for raw materials and food supplies led to the growth of “export economies” • Specialized in mass producing single natural resources • Ex. Cotton, Rubber, Guano

34. Egypt • Promoted their own state-sponsored vision of industrialization • 1800s, Egypt was still an Ottoman territory • Muhammad Ali promoted independence and mass production of cotton