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Networking & TCP/IP

Explore the fundamentals of networking, OSI layers, IP implementation, routing, and troubleshooting tools to enhance your TCP/IP knowledge. Understand network types, topologies, components, and communication protocols. Learn about TCP/IP history, protocol suit, and key protocols in a structured manner.

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Networking & TCP/IP

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  1. Networking & TCP/IP

  2. Agenda • 1. Introduction of Network • 2. OSI 7 Layers Model • 3. IP Implementation • 4. IP Routing • 5. Trouble Shooting Tools

  3. 1.Introduction of Network • Network Orientation • Network Type - Logical • Network Topology - Physical • Network Components • Communication Protocols

  4. Network Orientation • What is Network-Computers Connected Together • Why there is Network - Limited Resource but Unlimited Necessary • Resource - data, peripherals • Solution - Share Resource • LAN - Local Area Network • WAN - Wide Area Network

  5. 1.Introduction of Network • Network Orientation • Network Type - Logical • Network Topology - Physical • Network Components • Communication Protocols

  6. Network Type-I • Peer to Peer 1. No Dedicated Server 2. Computers are equal 3. No needs of Administrators 4. Size - Less then 10 PCs 5. Cost - Less Expansive 6. Location-Same General Area

  7. Network Type-II • Server Based 1. Servers apply Services 2. Server/Client Architecture 3. Centralized Administration 4. Size - More then 10 Users 5. Cost - Expansive 6. Security - High

  8. 1.Introduction of Network • Network Orientation • Network Type - Logical • Network Topology - Physical • Network Components • Communication Protocols

  9. Network Topology • BUS • STAR • RING • STAR BUS • STAR RING

  10. 1.Introduction of Network • Network Orientation • Network Type - Logical • Network Topology - Physical • Network Components • Communication Protocols

  11. Network Components-I • Repeater • Bridge • Hub/Switch • Router

  12. Network Components-II • Wiring 1. Coaxial Cable (Thin,Thick) 2. Twisted Pair (UTP, STP/Cat3,5) 3. Optical Fiber 4. Wireless (Radio, IrDA, Laser,...)

  13. Network Components-III

  14. 1.Introduction of Network • Network Orientation • Network Type - Logical • Network Topology - Physical • Network Components • Communication Protocols

  15. Communication Protocols • TCP/IP • NetBEUI • X.25 • IPX/SPX • AppleTalk

  16. Agenda • 1. Introduction of Network • 2. OSI 7 Layers Model • 3. IP Implementation • 4. IP Routing • 5. Trouble Shooting Tools

  17. 2. OSI 7 Layers Model • OSI 7 Layers • TCP/IP History • TCP/IP Protocol Suit • TCP/IP Protocols

  18. OSI 7 Layers-I • Layering means that after an application initiates the communications, the message (data) to be transmitted is passed through a number of stages, or layers, until it actually moves out onto the wire. • The data is packed with a different header at each layer. At the receiving end, the corresponding programs at each protocol layer unpack the data, moving it "back up the stack" to the receivingapplication.

  19. OSI 7 Layers-II Application Layer Presentation Layer Session Layer Transport Layer Network Layer Data Link Layer Physical Layer Hint : PeopleDoNotThrowSausagePizzaAway！

  20. AH AH Hello ! Hello ! User A User B PH PH AH Hello ! Application Layer(7) Application Layer(7) AH Hello ! SH SH PH PH AH AH Hello ! Hello ! Presentation Layer(6) Presentation Layer(6) TH TH SH SH … … PH PH Hello ! Hello ! Session Layer(5) Session Layer(5) NH NH TH TH … … PH PH Hello ! Hello ! Transport Layer(4) Transport Layer(4) Packet Packet F F A A C C … … Hello ! Hello ! FCS FCS F F Network Layer(3) Network Layer(3) Frame Frame Data Link Layer(2) Data Link Layer(2) Physical Layer(1) Physical Layer(1) Transmission with Bits OSI 7 Layers-III Payload&PDU

  21. OSI 7 Layers-III • Pay load – Unpack Original Data • Protocol Data Unit – Packed Data • Same Layer – Protocol • Same side – Interface

  22. Option+ Padding OSI 7 Layers-IV IP Header Internet Type of Total Header Version Identifyer Flags Service Length Length Ethernet Header Preamble Dest Address Source Address Type Ethernet Header IP Header TCP Header Data Source Dest Sequence Ack Urgent Offset Reserved Flags Windows Checksum Port Port Number Number Pointer TCP Header

  23. 2. OSI 7 Layers Model • OSI 7 Layers • TCP/IP History • TCP/IP Protocol Suit • TCP/IP Protocols

  24. TCP/IP History - I • Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol • First tested in the early 1980s on ARPAnet, the U.S. military's Advanced Research Projects Agency network • The protocol of the Internet and the global standard for communications • Designed as an open protocol that would enable all types of computers to transmit data to each other via a common communications language.

  25. TCP/IP History – II Ethernet • Xerox – 1973 • DIX – 1982 made EV2 to 10 Base5 • 1983 – IEEE 802.3 CSMA/CD • 1995 – 802.3u 100 BaseTX/T4/Fx • 1997 – 802.3y 100 BaseT2

  26. TCP/IP History – III CSMA/CD • Data transmission Method – CSMA/CD

  27. 2. OSI 7 Layers Model • OSI 7 Layers • TCP/IP History • TCP/IP Protocol Suit • TCP/IP Protocols

  28. TCP/IP Protocol Suit HTTP Telnet SMTP RADIUS DHCP Network Neighborhood Application Sockets NetBIOS Presentation Session UDP TCP Transport IP ICMP Network RIP OSPF ARP LLC Data Link Ethernet PPP/ SLIP MAC Physical Ethernet Transmission Media Serial Interface

  29. 2. OSI 7 Layers Model • OSI 7 Layers • TCP/IP History • TCP/IP Protocol Suit • TCP/IP Protocols

  30. TCP/IP Protocols • Ethernet – Layer2 • PPP/SLIP – Layer2 • ARP/ICMP – Layer2 • TCP/UDP – Layer4 • Sockets/NetBIOS Interface – Layer5,6 • Applications-WINS, DNS, DHCP SMTP, POP3 HTTP, FTP, SNMP, RAS, ICMP, ARP – Layer7

  31. TCP/IP Protocols – PPP/SLIP

  32. Agenda • 1. Introduction of Network • 2. OSI 7 Layers Model • 3. IP Implementation • 4. IP Routing • 5. Trouble Shooting Tools

  33. 3. IP Implementation • MAC Address • IP Address • Subnetting • Supernetting • Suprenetting

  34. MAC Address • MAC - Media Access Control • Layer2/Hardware/Physical Address • Global Uniqueness • 6 Byte - ”Vender” & ”Serial” Number • Aaxeon 7CCB0D… • Access Method - CSMA/CD 1. Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection 2. Mac Layer - Winner Takes All

  35. 3. IP Implementation • MAC Address • IP Address • Subneting • Suprenetting

  36. IP Address-I • Layer3/Software Address • 32 Bites (IPv4) into 4 segments • w, x, y, z, • Class of IP Class A - 0.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255 Class B - 128.0.0.0 - 191.255.255.255 Class C - 192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.255 Class D - 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255 Class E - 240.0.0.0 - 255.255.255.255

  37. Network ID Host ID 0 IP Address-II • Network ID and Host ID • To Divide L, M, S Network • Public IP provided by ISP • Class A : First Bit is 0

  38. IP Address-III • Class B : First Two Bits are 10 • Class C : First three bits are 110 Network ID HOST ID 1 0 Network ID Host ID 1 1 0

  39. 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 IP Address-III • Class D : First Two Bits are 1110 • Class E : First three bits are 11110 • Class D/E : Reserved

  40. IP Address-IV • Network ID = 0 means this Network i.e : 0.0.0.65 • Network ID = 1 reserved for Local Loop-back i.e : 127.x.y.z, 191.255.x.y, 223.255.255.x • Host ID = 0 to Identify Network i.e : 204.35.55.0 • Host ID = 1 means reserved for Local Broadcast i.e : 204.35.55.255

  41. IP Address-V • Network & Host ID=0 means device itself • Network & Host ID=1 means Local Broadcast • Reserved IP Class A : 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 Class B : 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 Class C : 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255

  42. 3. IP Implementation • MAC Address • IP Address • Subneting • Supernetting

  43. Network ID HOST ID 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 x y z Subnetting-I IP Implementation • 2 m + 2 (cut head and tail) m = subnet number, n = how many bits needed x,y,z=000,001,010,011,100,101,110,111 32 64 96 128 160 192 IP Range : 192.168.32.1 - 192.168.192.254 n ＞

  44. Network ID Host ID 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Subnetting-II Subnetmask • 32 bits with continuous 0 & 1 • Logical ANDing – Identify Local or Remote 192.168.234.35 with 255.255.0.0 192.168. 37. 2 with 255.255.0.0 • Subnetmask = Network ID Continuous 1

  45. Network ID Network ID 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 x y z Subnetting-III Subnetmask • 8 subnets, n=3 x,y,z = 000,001,010,011,100,101,110,111 32 64 96 128 160 192 IP Range : 192.168.32.1 - 192.168.192.254 Subnet Mask : 255.255.224.0

  46. 3. IP Implementation • MAC Address • IP Address • Subneting • Supernetting

  47. Network ID Network ID 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 Suprenetting • Link Networks into Big Ones • Need 1500 PCs : 2 = 2048 • 192.168.205.0 - 192.168.212.0 • Subnet Mask = 255.255.248.0 11

  48. Agenda • 1. Introduction of Network • 2. OSI 7 Layers Model • 3. IP Implementation • 4. IP Routing • 5. Trouble Shooting Tools

  49. 4. IP Routing • Routing and Router • Routing Protocol

  50. Routing and Router • Routing - Process of transmit packets to Destination between Networks • IP Router-Routing Device 1. 2 Interfaces - LAN/WAN 2. Layer 3 IP Resolution 3. Contain Routing Table • Routing Table - A small Database contains path to other Network

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