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Positive Punishment: Types and Considerations

Learn about the two types of positive punishment: punishment by application of aversive activities and punishment by application of aversive stimulation. Explore different techniques such as overcorrection, contingent exercise, guided compliance, and physical restraint, and understand the cautions and ethical issues associated with the use of aversive activities and stimulation.

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Positive Punishment: Types and Considerations

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  1. Chapter 18 Positive Punishment

  2. Two Types of Positive Punishment • Punishment by application of aversive activities • Punishment by application of aversive stimulation

  3. Punishment by Application of Aversive Activities • Overcorrection • Contingent exercise • Guided compliance • Physical restraint

  4. Overcorrection The individual has to engage in effortful behavior contingent on the problem behavior • Restitution Contingent on the problem behavior, the individual is required to fix the environment disrupted by the problem behavior • Positive Practice Contingent on the problem behavior the individual has to engage in correct forms of relevant behavior for a period of time

  5. Contingent Exercise • Contingent on the problem behavior, the individual engages in some effortful behavior for a specified period of time. • The effortful behavior is unrelated to the problem behavior.

  6. Guided Compliance Contingent on problem behavior that occurs following a request, the individual is physically guided to comply with the request. • Involves positive punishment to decrease the problem behavior because physical guidance is contingent on the problem behavior. • Involves negative reinforcement to increase compliance because removal of physical guidance is contingent on compliance.

  7. Physical Restraint • Contingent on the problem behavior, the body part involved in the behavior is held immobile for a specified period of time • Often used with response blocking or response interruption

  8. Cautions in the Use of Aversive Activities 1. Change agent must be physically capable of using the procedure 2. Client may actively resist the procedure 3. Must be certain the physical contact involved in the procedure is not reinforcing to the client 4. Must be certain that the procedure can be carried out without harm

  9. Punishment by Application of Aversive Stimulation • Rarely if ever used in behavior modification • Examples: lemon juice spray mist ice SIBIS aromatic ammonia reprimands auditory stimulation (noise)

  10. Considerations in the use of Punishment by the Application of Aversive Stimulation 1. Use functional/nonaversive procedures first. 2. Implement differential reinforcement with punishment. 3. Consider the function of the problem behavior. 4. Choose the aversive stimulus carefully. 5. Collect data to make treatment decisions. 6. Address ethical issues.

  11. Problems With Punishment • Emotional reactions / aggressive behavior • Escape and avoidance behaviors • Modeling the use of punishment • Negative reinforcement for the use of punishment • Establishing the user as a conditioned punisher

  12. Before Using Punishment 1. Conduct a functional assessment 2. Identify the behavioral deficit as well as excess 3. First use functional/nonaversive treatments - Extinction - Differential reinforcement - Antecedent manipulations - Behavioral skills training procedures

  13. Ethical Issues and Acceptability • The use of painful or uncomfortable stimulation • Informed consent • Alternative treatments • Safety • Problem severity • Implementation guidelines • Training and supervision • Peer review and accountability - prevent misuse

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