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The Evolution of Leadership

The Evolution of Leadership. Trait Approach Behavior Approach Situational Approach Relational Approach “New Leadership” Approach Emerging Leadership Approaches. Leadership Explained. Leadership is a Trait Leadership is an Ability Leadership is a Skill Leadership is a Behavior

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The Evolution of Leadership

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  1. The Evolution of Leadership • Trait Approach • Behavior Approach • Situational Approach • Relational Approach • “New Leadership” Approach • Emerging Leadership Approaches

  2. Leadership Explained • Leadership is a Trait • Leadership is an Ability • Leadership is a Skill • Leadership is a Behavior • Leadership is a Relationship • Leadership is an Influence Process

  3. Leadership Is a Trait • Each of us has unique leadership traits • Emphasizes the leader in the leader-follower context • Is it elitist to say only some have leadership? • Or, are we all born with certain traits that we can modify and change?

  4. Leadership Is an Ability • It means you are able—you have the capacity. • Is it like playing the piano? The more you play, the better you get? • It is a natural capacity but can also be learned. • We can develop our abilities through hard work and practice. • Example: UCLA Coach John Wooden

  5. Leadership Is a Skill • This means leadership is a competency. • A skill means you know how to do something, that you are competent. • As a competency, leadership becomes available to everyone. • If we can learn from experience, we can acquire leadership.

  6. Leadership Is a Behavior • It is about the actions of leaders. • Leadership requires task and process behaviors. • Effective leaders combine these two behaviors in the optimum way.

  7. Leadership Is a Relationship • An unusual way of thinking about leadership • Centered on communication between leaders and followers • Not linear but an interactive process • Not top-down • Mutual purposes imply an ethical dimension

  8. Leadership Is an Influence Process • A process whereby an individual influences a group to achieve a common goal • Interactive event • Leaders affect followers • Stressing common goals gives an ethical dimension to leadership

  9. Global Leadership Attributes • Leadership concepts outlined in this chapter are from a North American perspective. • Different views of leadership exist in other parts of the world. • House (2004) studied impact of culture on leadership effectiveness in 62 countries. • Universally accepted positive and negative leadership characteristics

  10. Leadership Snapshot • Indra Nooyi, CEO of PepsiCo • One of the top female executives in the US. • Grew up in Madras, India; always pushed conventional boundaries. • Completed a Master’s in Management from Yale University. • Worked for Boston Consulting Group (BCG), Motorola, and Asea Brown Boveri (ABB) before joining Pepsi. • Chief dealmaker in acquiring Tropicana and Quaker Oats.

  11. Practicing Leadership • There is a strong demand for leadership today. • People want effective leadership. • Effective leadership is intentional and creates change for the common good. • The challenge is to be prepared to lead when called on.

  12. Case Study: King of the Hill • What leadership traits account for Denny Hill’s success? • How would you describe Denny Hill’s leadership abilities? • Leadership includes administrative skills, interpersonal skills, and conceptual skills. How does Denny Hill stack up on these skills? • How does Denny integrate task and relationship behaviors in his leadership? • From a relational perspective, how would you describe Denny Hill’s leadership? • In what way does Denny Hill’s coaching exemplify leadership as an influence process?

  13. Discussion Questions • Why are some people leaders while others are not? • What makes people become leaders? • Do leaders have certain traits?

  14. Leadership Traits Explained • Studies on leadership identified many important leader traits. • What specific traits are needed to be a successful leader? • Research points to six traits: • Intelligence • Confidence • Charisma • Determination • Sociability • Integrity

  15. Intelligence • Intelligence includes having good language skills, perceptual skills, & reasoning ability. • It is hard to change Intelligence Quotient (IQ). • It is possible to: • obtain knowledge • learn about your job & environment • use information to become better leaders

  16. Confidence • Confidence is a trait that has to do with feeling positive about one’s self & one’s ability to succeed. • Confident people: • feel self-assured • believe they can accomplish goals • do not second-guess themselves—they move forward with clear visions • they are positive about self & ability

  17. Confidence • How do we build confidence? • Understanding what is required from us • Have a mentor to show the way & provide constructive feedback • Practice builds confidence & assures us that we can do what we need to do (e.g., Tiger Woods)

  18. Charisma • Magnetic charm and appeal that gives leaders exceptional powers of influence • Charisma is not a common personality trait. • To increase charisma: • Be a strong role model for values • Be competent in leadership to gain trust • Articulate clear goals & strong values • Communicate high expectations & show confidence in followers’ abilities • Inspire others • Ex.: J. F. Kennedy, Gandhi, M. L. King Jr.

  19. Determination • Focused & attentive to tasks • Know where to go & how to get there • Includes initiative, persistence, & drive • Persevere in the face of obstacles • Easiest for leaders to acquire • Focus on task, clarify goals, articulate vision, & encourage others to stay the course • Ex.: marathon runners, Nelson Mandela

  20. Sociability • The capacity to establish pleasant social relationships • Friendly, outgoing, courteous, & diplomatic • Sensitive to others & cooperative • Easier for some than others • Increasing sociability requires that we try to get along with our coworkers • be friendly, kind, & thoughtful • Ex.: Anne Fox in leadership class

  21. Integrity • Honest & trustworthy with strong principles • Inspire confidence because it creates trust • Loyal, dependable, & not deceptive • Undergirds all aspects of leadership • To increase integrity—be honest & open • Challenge: • To strike a balance between being open while monitoring what is appropriate to disclose • Ex.: Former President Bill Clinton

  22. Historical Leaders • George Washington • Winston Churchill • Mother Teresa • Bill Gates • Oprah Winfrey • Nelson Mandela

  23. George Washington (1732–1799) • Founding father and general in the Revolutionary War • Traits: • Modest • Moral • Common man • Did not thrive on power • Provided stability & reason • Even & predictable • Was “great” because he was “good”

  24. Winston Churchill (1874–1965) • Prime Minister of Great Britain • Traits: • Brilliant orator—masterful use of language, plain speaking • Ambitious for others & the country • Inspirational & hope-building • A self-trained reader • Suffered from depression—a loner

  25. Mother Teresa (1910–1997) • Humanitarian & Nobel Peace Prize Winner (1979) for her work with the poor in Calcutta • Founded Missionaries of Charity in 1950 • Traits: • Simple • Clear mission—focused on goals • Determined & fearless • Humble & spiritual • Strong-willed • Role model for others

  26. William (Bill) Gates (1954– Present ) • Founder of Microsoft & wealthiest person in the world • Created a foundation for education & global health • Traits: • Intelligent & visionary • Task-oriented & diligent • Focused & aggressive • Simple, straightforward, unpretentious, & altruistic

  27. Oprah Winfrey (1954– Present ) • TV show host, philanthropist, actress, producer, & publisher • Most powerful/influential woman • Traits: • Excellent communicator • Intelligent, well-read, strong business sense • Charismatic style • Sincere & determined • Self-disclosing • Message of hope

  28. Nelson Mandela (1932– 2013) • First black president of South Africa & 1993 Nobel Peace Prize Winner for his role in ending apartheid • Traits: • Self-reflective & deeply moral • Vision unwavering—fairness & justice • Steadfast, focused, & disciplined • Nonviolent & not vindictive • Consensus builder • Courageous, patient, humble, & compassionate

  29. What do they all have in common? • Visionary • Strong-willed • Diligent • Inspirational • Purpose-driven • Role models • Symbols of hope • From these exceptional leaders we can gain a better understanding of the traits that are important for effective leadership.

  30. Case Study: An Emerging Leader • What is your reaction to Tim’s story? • From your perspective, which has the greatest impact on Tim’s leadership journey—nature or nurture? • Of the six major leadership traits, which are Tim’s strongest and weakest? • What characteristics of Tim’s leadership would you like to incorporate into your own style of leadership?

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