Elements of Research (David Magnusson)

1. Elements of Research(David Magnusson) Choice of the phenomenon/ topic Theories related to the topic Methods of data collection Statistical analysis of data (Plus) Findings / Interpretation

2. Interpersonal Needs of Managers & Management Students: An Exploratory Study Conducted in India by M.J. Arul.

3. Theories related to the topic Methods of data collection Statistical analysis of data Findings / Interpretation Choice of the phenomenon Relevance of the Study • IPR: integral part of managerial job (Eg:Mintzberg-’75, Kotter-’82, Stewart-’82.) • IPR influences organisational performance (Eg: “Hawthorne”, Weick-’69, Zalenzik-’77, Liden & Graen-’80, Bohra & Pandey-’84, Wayne & Ferris-’90, Pestonjee-’92) • IPR is a function of IPB • Dearth of studies on IPB • Hence study of IPB.

4. Theories related to the topic Methods of data collection Statistical analysis of data Findings / Interpretation Choice of the phenomenon The Purpose • To build up an empirical base for understanding IPB of managers. • To map the IP orientations of managers. • To facilitate intervention for managerial effectiveness. • To help evolve informed MBA curriculum.

5. Choice of the phenomenon Methods of data collection Statistical analysis of data Findings / Interpretation Theories related to the topic Theories / Frameworks • Review of literature: • Motivational theories • Personality theories • Theories of IPB (Berne’s TA, Freedman-Leary model, Benjamin’s SASB, Schutz’ FIRO, Gilbert’s Evolutionism.) • Choice: The revised FIRO

6. Choice of the phenomenon Theories related to the topic Statistical analysis of data Findings / Interpretation Methods of data collection Methodology • The sample • The Variables • Measurement • Tools of analysis

7. Choice of the phenomenon Theories related to the topic Statistical analysis of data Findings / Interpretation Methods of data collection The Sample 1. Coverage 2. Gender & regional composition 3. Age groups 4. Academic background 5. Work department

8. Choice of the phenomenon Theories related to the topic Statistical analysis of data Findings / Interpretation Methods of data collection 1: Coverage • Number of States: 13 out of 25 • Co-op dairies: 45 out of 170 • Total size of sample: 575

9. Choice of the phenomenon Theories related to the topic Statistical analysis of data Findings / Interpretation Methods of data collection 2. Gender and Region

10. Choice of the phenomenon Theories related to the topic Statistical analysis of data Findings / Interpretation Methods of data collection 3. Age Groups

11. Choice of the phenomenon Theories related to the topic Statistical analysis of data Findings / Interpretation Methods of data collection 4. Academic Background

12. Choice of the phenomenon Theories related to the topic Statistical analysis of data Findings / Interpretation Methods of data collection 5. Work Departments

13. Choice of the phenomenon Theories related to the topic Statistical analysis of data Findings / Interpretation Label PEI PEC PEO WEI WEC WEO PRI PRC PRO WRI WRC WRO Methods of data collection Main-line Variables Variable Name Perceived-Expressed Inclusion Perceived-Expressed Control Perceived-Expressed Openness Wanted-Expressed Inclusion Wanted-Expressed Control Wanted-Expressed Openness Perceived-Received Inclusion Perceived-Received Control Perceived-Received Openness Wanted-Received Inclusion Wanted-Received Control Wanted-Received Openness Scale Name I include people I control people I am open with people I want to include people I want to control people I want to be open with people People include me People control me People are open with me I want people to include me I want people to control me I want people to be open with me

14. Choice of the phenomenon Theories related to the topic Statistical analysis of data Findings / Interpretation Methods of data collection Side-line Variables • Group performance • Compatibility • Success • Satisfaction

15. Choice of the phenomenon Theories related to the topic Statistical analysis of data Findings / Interpretation Methods of data collection Measurement of Variables • The IPB dimensions by Element-B • Compatibility by {abs(E-WR)} (smaller difference = greater compatibility.) • Group performance by evaluation of grp assignments

16. Choice of the phenomenon Theories related to the topic Statistical analysis of data Findings / Interpretation Methods of data collection Measurement Contd. • Successful vs Not-so-successful • Managers: as judged by no less than 80% of peers and superiors. • Students: By their OGPA. • Satisfaction by a single-item subjective response

17. Choice of the phenomenon Theories related to the topic Methods of data collection Findings / Interpretation Statistical analysis of data Statistical Treatment • Descriptive analysis • Relative Frequency, Means & SDs • T-test • Inferential analysis • Pearson’s correlation coefficient • ANOVA • Multiple Discriminant Analysis

18. Choice of the phenomenon Theories related to the topic Methods of data collection Findings / Interpretation Results (See hand-outs) Statistical analysis of data • Tables: 4.1, 4.4, 4.4.1, 4.4.2, 4.5.7, 4.5.8 . • Figs: M1, M2, M3, S1, S2, S3; 4.1.13; 4.3.1, 4.3.2 . [Press Esc; resume after reading handouts.]

19. Choice of the phenomenon Theories related to the topic Methods of data collection Statistical analysis of data Findings / Interpretation Major Findings • One’s FIRO is not related to one’s Academic Background. • Managers’ age correlates (+) with their PEI, PEC and PRI. • Students’ WRC is related (+) to their Age. • Managers’ PRC correlates with their WRC (+) and with PRO (-). • Students’ PRC: the same; plus with PEC and PRI -- both (-).

20. Choice of the phenomenon Theories related to the topic Methods of data collection Statistical analysis of data Findings Contd. Findings / Interpretation • Regional diffs found in FIROs of managers; not of students. • “Good” & “bad” managers differ on PEC, WEC, PRC, WEO and WRO. • Student success not related to their FIRO. • Girls & Boys differed on WEI(-), PRO (+), WRC(-) and WRO(+).

21. Choice of the phenomenon Theories related to the topic Methods of data collection Statistical analysis of data Findings Contd. Findings / Interpretation • Compatibility increases satisfaction (+r p<0.01; t-ratio p<0.05). • Performance not related to overall FIRO compatibility. • Compatibility in Openness was +vely related to performance (p<0.05).

22. According to McClelland’s research, effective managers score high on nPower and low on nAff. The findings of the present study confirm it (if nPower is equated with Control and nAff with Inclusion). Findings Contd. Choice of the phenomenon Theories related to the topic Methods of data collection Statistical analysis of data Findings Findings / Interpretation

23. Thank You ! M.J. Arul

24. Choice of the phenomenon Theories related to the topic Methods of data collection Statistical analysis of data Findings / Interpretation Open for Discussion QUESTIONS I shall indeed appreciate your questions, insights and comments. -Arul. Please email: arul@myself.com

25. Thank You ! Arul