Spelling

1. Spelling Grammar Chapter 16

2. Spell by syllables • Overpronouncing each syllable of a long word will often help you spell it correctly. • Unnecessary • Disappoint • Underage • Misspell • Personally • Gentleness • Beautiful

3. Look up the spellings of doubtful words. • Use a dictionary to help you spell words with confusing spelling. • Use dictionary.com. • Use spell check. • Spelling is a serious error, a letter grade off on a college paper.

4. Keep a list of words that are problematic for you. • Words should stay on this list until you know how to spell them. • Write these words several times, concentrating on appearance and sound. • Study these words three or four different days. • Have someone quiz you over the words.

5. Making English Words Plural • In the summers my family takes a trip to my uncle’s house near the citys of Minneapolis and St. Paul. My uncle has over one hundred sheeps on his farm. My six-year-old twin brothers say that their favorite part of visiting Uncle Jim is riding his two ponys. Uncle Jim told them, “I’m glad that you childs aren’t triplets; if you were, I’d have to buy another pony!”

6. Making English Words Plural • In the summers my family takes a trip to my uncle’s house near the citys of Minneapolis and St. Paul. My uncle has over one hundred sheeps on his farm. My six-year-old twin brothers say that their favorite part of visiting Uncle Jim is riding his two ponys. Uncle Jim told them, “I’m glad that you childs aren’t triplets; if you were, I’d have to buy another pony!”

7. Making English Words Plural • In the summers my family takes a trip to my uncle’s house near the cities of Minneapolis and St. Paul. My uncle has over one hundred sheep on his farm. My six-year-old twin brothers say that their favorite part of visiting Uncle Jim is riding his two ponies. Uncle Jim told them, “I’m glad that you children aren’t triplets; if you were, I’d have to buy another pony!”

8. If the word ends in ch, sh, s, x, or z, add es. • March marches • Push pushes • Genius geniuses • Tax taxes • Buzz buzzes

9. If the word ends in a consonant followed by y, change the final y to iand add es. • Poppy poppies • Pony ponies • Rally rallies • Deny denies

10. If the word ends in a vowel followed by y, add s. • Key keys • Toy toys

11. If the word ends in f or fe, consult your dictionary. For most, add s; for others, change the f to v and add es. • Roof roofs • Safe safes • Leaf leaves • Shelf shelves

12. If the word ends in o, consult your dictionary. For most, add es; for others add s. • Tomato tomatoes • Potato potatoes • Echo echoes • Solo solos • Photo photos

13. Add s to most other words. • Look looks • Bug • Bugs • Menu menus • Bone bones

14. Some nouns have irregular plural forms. Consult your dictionary for nouns with irregular plurals. • Ox oxen • Goose geese • Deer deer

15. ibefore e except after c or when sounding like a as in neighbor or weigh • Shriek • Shield • Grieve • Ceiling • Receipt • conceit • Freight • Vein • weight

16. Exceptions • Caffeine • Leisure • Protein • Seize • Sheik • Weird • Either • neither

17. Class Work • Grammar exercise 16-1 • Grammar exercise 16-3

18. Homework • Grammar exercise 16-2 • Grammar exercise 16-4

19. Doubling a final consonant: If a one-syllable word ends with a single consonant preceded by a single vowel, double the final consonant before adding a suffix beginning with a vowel. • Snob snobbery

20. Doubling a final consonant: If a multisyllabic word with its main accent on the final syllable ends with a single consonant preceded by a single vowel, double the final consonant before adding a suffix beginning with a vowel. • Occur occurring

21. If a word ends with a single consonant preceded by a double vowel, do not double the final consonant before adding a suffix. • Droop drooped • Greet greeted

22. Change the final y to I before adding a suffix if a consonant precedes the y. • Baby babied • Plenty plentiful • Sixty sixtieth

23. If the suffix itself begins with i, don not change the final y to i. • Cry crying • Carry carrying

24. Drop the final silent e preceded by a consonant before adding a suffix beginning with a vowel. • Hope hoping • Like likable • Using • Exceptions: noticeable, courageous

25. Keep the final silent e before adding a suffix beginning with a consonant. • Hope hopeless • Like likely • Use useful • Exceptions: truly, argument, judgment

26. Class Work • Grammar exercise 16-5

27. Homework • Grammar exercise 16-6 • Grammar exercise 16-7

28. Dictionary • Most common tool used for learning about words and languages • Gives a word’s spelling, syllabification, pronunciation, definitions, different forms, parts of speech, synonyms and/or antonyms, and capitalization • May list abbreviations, geographic names, and biographical names • May include a brief history of words

29. Terms • Guide words- pair of words that tell you the first and last word defined on that page • Words are listed alphabetically. • Entry- the word being defined • Use for proper spelling of a word.

30. Practice! • Exercise 17-1 • Exercise 17-2 • Exercise 17-3

31. Pronouncing the Word • Syllabification- shown by dots between each syllable • ac-qui-esce • Pronunciation- respelling of a word that shows you how to pronounce the word correctly • [ak-wee-es] • Pronunciation guide- lists the symbols used in that dictionary to represent sounds • Accent mark- indicates which syllables will be emphasized, or stressed, when pronounced

32. Practice! • Exercise 17-4 • Exercise 17-5 • Exercise 17-6

33. Using the Word • Function label- indicates the entry word’s part of speech • Verb (used without an object • Definition- meaning of the word • to assent tacitly; submit or comply silently or without protest; agree; consent

34. Using the Word • Synonyms- words with the same or similar meaning • accede, concur; capitulate • Antonyms- words with the opposite meaning • contest, protest • Etymology- the word’s history • 1610–20;  < Latin acquiēscere  to find rest in, equivalent to ac- ac- + quiē-  (see quiet2 ) + -sc-  inchoative suffix + -ere  infinitive suffix

35. Practice! • Exercise 17-7 • Exercise 17-8

36. Dictionary Drills!