Behavioral Biology

1. Behavioral Biology Chapter 51 http://classroomclipart.com/cgi-bin/kids/imageFolio.cgi?action=view&link=Animations/People&image=sleeping.gif&img=&tt=

2. Behavior – what an animal does and why they do it. • Has proximate (immediate responses) and ultimate (evolutionary reasons) causes. • Innate behavior – present at birth.

3. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Greifreflex.JPG/180px-Greifreflex.JPGhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Greifreflex.JPG/180px-Greifreflex.JPG Human grasp reflex – innate behavior

4. Fixed action pattern (FAP) – These • Triggered by a stimulus.

5. These chicks peck at red spot on mothers beak to stimulate regurgitating reflex. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed_action_pattern

6. Optimal foraging theory – foraging is balance between cost and reward. • Animals expend the least amount of energy to get the most food.

7. Hummingbirds must constantly eat in order to keep up with demand. http://www.cquest.utoronto.ca/cgi-bio150/foraging/book.cgi?from=intro*section2&book=optimal&page=models

8. Learning • Modification of behavior because of specific experiences. • Different from maturation (change due to development in neuromuscular system) • If stimulus is overused, habituation occurs. (no response)

9. http://www.jolyon.co.uk/illustrations/vision/jpg_8.1_habituation.htmhttp://www.jolyon.co.uk/illustrations/vision/jpg_8.1_habituation.htm

10. * • AImprinting – learning limited to specific period in animal’s life (sensitive period) • Seen in songbird’s song – bird must learn song during sensitive period or it won’t learn it.

11. http://www.pigeon.psy.tufts.edu/avc/zentall/images/defaul5.jpghttp://www.pigeon.psy.tufts.edu/avc/zentall/images/defaul5.jpg

12. BAssociative learning – associating one stimulus for another. • 1Classical conditioning – one stimulus gives reward or punishment (Pavlov’s dogs) • 2Operant conditioning – trial and error learning

13. http://www.geocities.com/skews_me_too/img/pavlovdog.jpg

14. http://www.psy.pdx.edu/PsiCafe/Overheads/OperantCond.jpg

15. CPlay – no external goal, but has goal-directed behaviors. • Could be for exercise or for practice (i.e. play fighting)

16. http://www.milwaukeedogparks.org/images/9-28%20crop%20Talih%20%20Henley%20001.jpghttp://www.milwaukeedogparks.org/images/9-28%20crop%20Talih%20%20Henley%20001.jpg

17. Cognition • Ability of animal’s nervous system to perceive, store, process, and use information gathered by receptors. • 1Kinesis and taxis – kinesis – change in activity due to stimulus; taxis – movement towards/away from stimulus.

18. Sowbugs exhibit kinesis – they are more active in dry areas, less in humid areas. This ensures they will always be in wet areas. http://www.uky.edu/Ag/Entomology/entfacts/trees/ef406sow.gif

19. Before adding light After adding light The organisms exhibit positive phototaxis and orient towards the light. http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/T/Taxes.html

20. 2Landmarks – more complex; ability to use objects as memory tools. • 3Cognitive maps – code of spatial relationships among objects. • Blue jays can remember thousands of storage areas for food.

21. http://www.turtletrack.org/Issues03/Co09202003/Art/Jay.jpg

22. Cognition studied through migration (movement over long distances)

23. http://www.paulnoll.com/Oregon/Birds/Avian-migration-Swans.jpghttp://www.paulnoll.com/Oregon/Birds/Avian-migration-Swans.jpg

24. Social behavior • Any interaction between 2 + animals, usually the same species. • 1Agnostic behavior – involves threatening/submissive behavior – winner earns something (mate, food) • Involves rituals, reconciliation behavior.

25. Ritual behavior in birds http://www.worldbook.com/features/birds/html/how_familylife.html

26. 2Dominance hierarchy – pecking order from top-ranked to bottom. • 3Territoriality – defends territories for mating, feeding, etc.

27. Dominance hierarchy in bears http://alaskabeartours.com/images3/big/fight2.jpg

28. Mating behaviors • 1Courtship – behavior patterns leading to mating. • Amount of time proportional to parental investments (amount of time needed to produce/raise young) • http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=322_1185412350

29. http://www.cartoonstock.com/newscartoons/cartoonists/cga/lowres/cgan141l.jpghttp://www.cartoonstock.com/newscartoons/cartoonists/cga/lowres/cgan141l.jpg

30. 2Mating systems – vary in species. • APromiscuous – no strong relationships. • BMonogamous – one male/one female.

31. http://www.picturethisgallery.com/Artists/Larson,%20Judy/Alpha%20dogs.jpghttp://www.picturethisgallery.com/Artists/Larson,%20Judy/Alpha%20dogs.jpg

32. CPolygamous – more than one partner; polygyny – 1 male/<1 female; polyandry – 1 female/<1 male

33. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/07/070718001620.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/07/070718001620.htm New evidence shows that this fox, once thought to be monogamous, may exhibit polyandry.

34. DSignals – behavior that causes change in behavior in other animal. • 1Phermones – chemical signals emitted from animals.

35. http://www.cartoonstock.com/lowres/bgr0004l.jpg

36. Altruism – reduces individual fitness but increases fitness of recipient. • Leads to inclusive fitness – total effect an individual has on passing on genes by producing offspring and helping to raise close relatives.

37. http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/9/9d/Monkeysgrooming.jpghttp://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/9/9d/Monkeysgrooming.jpg

38. Kin selection – form of altruism specific to families. • Weakens with hereditary distance. • Reciprocal altruism – altruism outside of family (seen rarely; i.e. humans)

39. http://www.youtube.com/watch?emb=0&eurl=http%3A%2F%2Fvideo.google.com%2Fvideosearch%3Fq%3Decology&v=yRLfRRNoZzIhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?emb=0&eurl=http%3A%2F%2Fvideo.google.com%2Fvideosearch%3Fq%3Decology&v=yRLfRRNoZzI • http://www.youtube.com/watch?emb=0&eurl=http%3A%2F%2Fvideo.google.com%2Fvideosearch%3Fq%3Decology&v=yC6JM8oZzwI • http://www.youtube.com/watch?emb=0&eurl=http%3A%2F%2Fvideo.google.com%2Fvideosearch%3Fq%3Decology&v=Vr7i1j7QtGY