Improving Transportation Systems

1. Improving Transportation Systems Dan Work Civil and Environmental Engineering, UC Berkeley Center for Information Technology Research in the Interest of Society (CITRIS) dbwork@berkeley.edu

2. 21st century transportation challenges • Congestion • Environmental impact • Equity and accessibility • Safety and security • Aging infrastructure • Emergency preparedness, response, and mitigation [Transportation Research Board 09; EPA Green Book 10]

3. How to meet these challenges • Still lack basic ability to track the flow of goods and people across our infrastructure. • Need improvements in real-time: • sensing • estimation • control • Systems integration • 21st century challenges will force a tighter integration between our physical transportation infrastructure and computing infrastructure

4. Transportation cyber physical systems Internet • The resulting transportation systems are “Cyber Physical Systems” (CPS) • CPS are characterized by tight coupling of and coordination between computational and physical resources • adds capabilities to physical systems that we could not feasibly add in any other way • Driven by the ubiquity of sensors and cheap computing • Understanding these systems is truly a grand challenge across disciplines and domains sensor data information, control built environment [CPS Executive Summary 08]

5. Understanding human mobility • Wikipedia for the physical world • “First draft” of our interaction with the environment, in real-time • Crowd-sourced data • Participatory sensing • Information distribution • Cell phones are the world’s largest sensor network: • 3 billion devices • Global coverage, human centric • Increasingly connected, programmable

6. Mobile Millennium – traffic estimation with cell phones • Partnership between UC Berkeley, Nokia, Navteq Caltrans, and US DOT SafeTrip 21 initiative • Deployment of thousands of cars in Northern California • Participating users download Mobile Millennium Traffic Pilot (available at traffic.berkeley.edu) on a GPS and java enabled phone • Phones receive live information on map application

7. Mobile Century – proof of concept Accident delays • Prototype System • Run Feb. 8, 2008 • Multi-lane highway with heavy morning and evening congestion • Ground truth: Loop detectors, HD film crew on bridges. • Rich data set for future traffic modelling and estimation research 165 UC Berkeley Graduate Student Drivers 70+ Support Staff 165 UC Berkeley Graduate Student Drivers 100 rental cars 7

8. BayTripper – mobile multi-modal trip planning BayTripper.org • Real-time trip planning • Leverage GPS etc for: Real time: next bus, train, metro • Bike routes by ridesf.com • Taxi integration • Carshare (future) [Jariyasunaunt et al, TRB ‘10]

9. Designing transportation CPS • Need to merge the timescales of internet innovation with the longevity of physical infrastructure • Platform for innovation and adaptability • Interoperability and portability • Enable national / global scale systems of systems • Need reliable transportation CPS from unreliable components • Sensors will fail, will be attacked • Computing systems will have bugs and security vulnerabilities [ CPS Executive Summary 08]

10. Security and privacy • Security: networked systems open up the potential for large, coordinated attacks on physical systems • Privacy: need to monitor movements of goods and people without compromising privacy [Hoh Mobisys 08, KXAN 09]

11. Concluding remarks • Transportation system improvements will come from innovations in merging physical infrastructure with computational infrastructure. • Challenge is how to do this without compromising safety, reliability, security, and privacy. • Requires collaboration between government, academia, and industry