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Entry Level Computing Revision Booklet

Entry Level Computing Revision Booklet. Content. Hardware Components of a computer Basic function of the common internal components of a computer Basic functions of common peripherals Software Operating system and its functions Application and system software System utilities Logic

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Entry Level Computing Revision Booklet

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  1. Entry Level ComputingRevision Booklet

  2. Content • Hardware • Components of a computer • Basic function of the common internal components of a computer • Basic functions of common peripherals • Software • Operating system and its functions • Application and system software • System utilities • Logic • Convert between denary and binary numbers • Logic gates AND, OR and NOT • Sequence instructions into a logical order

  3. Hardware • Computer hardware refers to the physical parts or components of a computer.

  4. Input devices • An input device is any piece of computer hardware used to provide data to a computer system. • Examples include: • keyboard • mouse • scanner • digital camera • webcam • microphones

  5. Input devices

  6. Output devices • An output device is any piece of computer hardware used to communicate the results of data that has been processed. • Examples include: • monitor • printer • Speaker/headphones Exam tip: Make sure that you can identify the basic functions of different devices

  7. Output devices

  8. Storage devices • Astorage device is a piece of computer equipment which can be used to store data. • Examples include: • hard disk drive • DVD/CD/Blu-Ray • USB Flash drive Exam tip: Make sure that you can identify which devices are input, output or storage. A hard disk drive (HDD)is a data storage device used for storing and retrieving digital information using rapidly rotating disks (platters) coated with magnetic material.

  9. Practice question 1 • Which is the odd one out?

  10. Practice question 2 Put a tick()to indicate whether the device is input or output:

  11. Practice task 3 Which two of these items are storage devices? Put ticks()in two of the boxes.

  12. Internal components of a computer • Motherboard or logic board is the main circuit board in the computer. • It contains many components like the RAM, CPU, expansion slots and the heat sink. • The motherboard connects all the peripherals together. Peripheral – a computer device that is not part of the CPU. It can be external (e.g. keyboard, mouse, printer or scanner) or internal, such as a DVD drive.

  13. Central Processing Unit (CPU) • The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the part of a computer system that is commonly referred to as the "brain" of a computer. The CPU is also known as the processor. • The CPU is where processes such as calculating, sorting and searching take place. Whatever is done on our computers, such as checking emails, playing games and doing homework, the CPU has processed the data we use.

  14. Random Access Memory (RAM) • RAM is the main memory that stores programs and data currently being used by the computer. • RAM is a type of volatile memory which means that it requires electricity to store data, so when the computer is powered down all the memory is wiped. • Here are some examples of what's stored in RAM: • the operating system • applications • the graphical user interface (GUI)

  15. Read Only Memory (ROM) • ROM(read only memory) is a flash memory chip that contains a small amount of non-volatile memory. • ROM is memory that cannot be changed by a program or user. • ROMretains its memory even after the computer is turned off. For example, ROM stores the instructions for the computer to start up when it is turned on. Exam tip: Make sure that you know the difference between RAM and ROM

  16. Power supply • The power supply unit supplies all the computer components with electricity

  17. Heat sink and fan • One of the main problems with computers are that they can overheat easily. To stop this problem, fans are added to cool the computer down. • The main fan is positioned on the CPU because the CPU is prone to overheating. Firstly, a thermal compound is put on top of the CPU followed by the heat sink, and the fan is placed on top of it. • A heat sink is made out of metal and draws heat away from the processor.

  18. Adapter cards (Expansion cards) • On the motherboard, there are expansion slots. In these expansion slots go several printed circuit boards, or adapter cards as they are most commonly known. The sound card is an adapter card that allows the computer to have extended sound capabilities, and for sound components to be used, for example, headphones. The video or graphics card is an adapter card that allows the computer to show graphics on the monitor.

  19. Practice task 4 • CPU stands for ______________ ____________ ________. • RAM stands for _____________ ___________ _______. It is (permanent/temporary) memory where the computer stores all of the programs and data whilst they are being used. • ROM stands for ____________ ___________ _______. It is (permanent/temporary) memory that the computer uses when it is booting up. • The _______________ connects all the computer components together. • All the processing or work done on a computer is performed by the _______________.

  20. Software • Softwareis the name given to programs that run on a computer. • There is a close relationship between hardware and software. Without software, hardware is very limited and without hardware, software would not be able to run. They need each other.

  21. Two main types of software • Systems software • Applications software

  22. Systems software • Systems software helps run and maintain the computer. • It includes the operating system, drivers and utility software.

  23. Operating system (OS) • The biggest part of systems software is the operating system. It is an essential part that allows other systems software, and application software, to communicate with hardware. • The operating system is needed to perform a number of tasks: • it provides a user interface • manages the hardware resources • manages the use of memory • manages the opening, closing, saving and deleting of files • most operating systems have features that look after the security of the computer with usernames and passwords. • Examples of operating systems include Windows, Linux, Mac OSX, Android and iOS.

  24. Application software • Application software is used to carry out tasks on a computer, such as writing an email, making a poster, doing homework and messaging friends. • Some of the applications we might use to do this include a word processor, web browser and graphics software.

  25. Application software categories • Word processors and desktop publishing software • Spreadsheet and database software • Multimedia software • Presentation and slideshow software • Image editing/graphics manipulation software • Video editing software • Communications software • Gaming software • Web browsers • Apps for portable devices Exam tip: Make sure that you know the uses of the different application software

  26. Utility software • Utility software is system software designed to help analyse, configure, optimise or maintain a computer. • Categories: • Computer security • Disk organisation • System maintenance

  27. Computer Security • Antivirus – computer software used to prevent, detect and remove malicious software • Spyware protection – computer software used to detect and remove spyware from the computer • Firewall - is a network security system that controls the incoming and outgoing network traffic based on applied rule set. A computer virus is a harmful computer program designed to damage a computer’s systems files. Spywareis the generic name we give to programs that contain additional functionality designed to secretly monitor your activities on your computer.

  28. Disk Organisation • Formatting disk is the process of preparing a data storage device such as a hard disk drive, solid-state drive, or USB flash drive for initial use. • File transfer is the movement of one or more files from one location to another. • Disk cleaners are computer programs that find and delete potentially unnecessary or unwanted files from a computer. The purpose of such deletion may be to free up disk space, to eliminate clutter or to protect privacy. • Defragmentationcan detect computer files whose contents are scattered across several locations on the hard disk, and move the fragments to one location to increase efficiency.

  29. System Maintenance • System information and diagnosis. This is very useful for people if they need to know the details of the system, perhaps to see if an application they are considering getting will be compatible. These utilities will also test the system if there are any problems. • A System clean-up tool will search the computer for settings which are no longer needed or for programs which are slowing down the computer. It can help improve the performance and speed up the boot-up time so that the computer starts up much faster. • Automatic updates help to ensure that your system is protected from possible threats or security loopholes that could be exploited by malicious programs or people in order to gain access to your system.

  30. Practice task 5 • John has noticed that someone keeps accessing his files over the internet and he has not given them permission. What does he need to do to prevent this from happening again? Put a tick in the correct box.

  31. Practice task 6 • To publish a magazine, ______ software would be best. • Word processing • Desktop publishing • Spreadsheet • Presentation • Maria is a sales rep calling on up to 20 businesses a week. To keep track of her appointments and her clients’ addresses and phone numbers, she should use a _____ software. • Word processor • Database • Photo editing • Multimedia • Android is an example of an operating system. TRUE or FALSE?

  32. Bits and binary • Computers use binary - the digits 0 and 1 - to store data. • A binary digit, or bit, is the smallest unit of data in computing. It is represented by a 0 or a 1.  • Binary numbers are made up of binary digits (bits), e.g. the binary number 1001.

  33. Binary and Denary • The binary system on computers uses combinations of 0s and 1s. • In everyday life, we use numbers based on combinations of the digits between 0 and 9. This counting system is known as decimal, denaryor base 10. • A number base indicates how many digits are available within a numerical system. Denary is known as base 10 because there are ten choices of digits between 0 and 9. For binary numbers there are only two possible digits available: 0 or 1. The binary system is also known as base 2.

  34. Converting between denary and binary • All denary numbers have a binary equivalent and it is possible to convert between denary and binary.

  35. Practice task 7 • Convert the denary number 7 to binary. __________ • Convert the binary number 0011 to denary. __________ • Convert the denary number 15 to binary. __________ • Convert the binary number 0010 to denary. __________ • Convert the denary number 5 to binary. __________ • Convert the binary number 0111 to denary. __________

  36. Logic Gates • There are different types of logic gates, which one you use depends on what the gate is requiredto do: NOT OR AND

  37. OR gate • An OR gate will give a high output if any of the inputsishigh.

  38. AND gate • An AND gate will give a high output only if all of the inputs arehigh.

  39. NOT gate • A NOT gate is slightly different because it has just one input. It will give a high output if the input is low.

  40. Sequencing of instructions • An algorithm is a plan, a set of step-by-step instructions that a computer follows to solve a problem. • To solve the problem, the instructions have to be followed in the right order. • If the instructions are not carried out in the right order, you won’t get the result you expected.

  41. For example: • A very simple algorithm for brushing teeth might consist of these steps: • put toothpaste on toothbrush • use toothbrush to clean teeth • rinse toothbrush • Each step is an instruction to be performed. • Sequencingis the order in which the steps are carried out.

  42. Why is sequencing important? • It is crucial that the steps in an algorithm are performed in the right order - otherwise the algorithm will not work correctly. • Suppose the steps for the teeth-cleaning algorithm were in this sequence: • use toothbrush to clean teeth • put toothpaste on toothbrush • rinse toothbrush • A toothbrush would still be used to clean the teeth and toothpaste would still be put on the brush. But because steps 1 and 2 are in the wrong sequence the teeth wouldn’t get cleaned with the toothpaste, and the toothpaste would be wasted. • A human would realise they had forgotten to add toothpaste at the start of the process, but a computer would not know that anything was wrong.

  43. Practice task 8 • The logic gate that will have HIGH or 1 as its output when any one of its inputs is high is: • NOT gate • AND gate • OR gate • What input values will cause an AND logic gate to produce a HIGH output? • All inputs are HIGH • At least one input is HIGH • At least one input is LOW • All inputs are LOW • State the name of the logic gate shown

  44. Answers to practice tasks • Keyboard • Mouse(Input), Speakers (output), Digital Camera (input), Scanner (input), Printer (output) • DVD and hard disk • a.) Central Processing Unit b.) Random Access Memory, temporary c.) Read Only Memory, permanent d.) Motherboard e.) CPU or processor • a.) Install a firewall and make sure it is configured properly • 1.) B 2.) B 3.)True • a.) 0111 b.) 3 c.) 1111 d.) 2 e.) 0101 f.) 7 • 1.) OR gate 2.) All inputs are HIGH 3.) OR gate

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