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Chapter 14 APUSH Mrs. Price. “I am a firm believer in the people. If given the truth, they can be depended upon to meet any national crises. The great point is to bring them the real facts.” - Abraham Lincoln. Secession!. South Carolina: December 20, 1860
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Chapter 14APUSHMrs. Price “I am a firm believer in the people. If given the truth, they can be depended upon to meet any national crises. The great point is to bring them the real facts.” - Abraham Lincoln
Secession! • South Carolina: December 20, 1860 • President Buchanan: SC can’t leave but govt has no authority to stop them • 6 more leave from December to April: MS, FL, AL, GA, LA, TX • Feb 1861: Confederate States of America formed • Crittenden Compromise: last ditch effort to keep states in union
Pres. Lincoln: Union is older than Constitution, no state can leave union • Fort Sumter seized (April 12-13, 1861) • 4 more leave (VA, AR, TN, NC)
Anderson (N) vs. Beauregard (S) Only casualty: a horse Fort Sumter, SC
66% of railroad track miles Lines more integrated Union: Better Transportation System
Other Union Advantages • More farms - 67% • Better navy • More wealth produced - 75%
Union Disadvantages • Fighting on unfamiliar land • Long lines of communication • Hostile local populations • Public opinion divided
Confederate Advantages • Strong local support • Familiar with territory • Strong trade relationship with England & France • Good generals • Trained soldiers
Confederate Disadvantages • Few people - 39% • Little industry - 19% of factories - had to rely on imports • Poor Transportation System
Wartime Politics: The Union • Lincoln enlarged power of president • Suppressed opposition - Military arrests of civilians - Suspended right of habeas corpus
Jefferson Davis was a weaker leader Too focused on details Wartime Politics: The Confederacy
Financing the War • Union: taxes (including income), issued paper currency, borrowing • Confederacy: issued paper currency = high inflation, income tax, money from states
Over 2 million At 1st volunteers 1863: conscription law (46,000 drafted) Exemptions caused oppositions & riots Soldiers: The Union
900,000 1st volunteers April 1862: Conscription Act – many exemptions Also used slave labor Faced manpower shortage in 1864 Soldiers: The Confederacy
Women & the Civil War • Filled positions vacated by men • Critical in nursing (US Sanitary Commission) • Challenged gender stereotypes in North & especially in South
African Americans in the Civil War • Enlisted in Union Army; 10% by end of war • Paid less • Most assigned menial tasks • Some black fighting units (54th Massachusetts Infantry) • South refused to recognize black Union soldiers – captured they were sent back to slavery or executed
April 12, 1864 After Union troops surrendered, Confederates killed over 200 black Union soldiers and some whites Massacre at Fort Pillow, TN
Slavery & the War • Divided Republican Party - Radicals: Thaddeus Stevens, Charles Summer, Benjamin Wade; wanted to use war to abolish slavery immediately - Conservatives: favored a slower, more gradual process of emancipation
Slavery & the War • 1861 Confiscation Act: declared all slaves used in support of the military effort would be considered free • 1862: Slavery is abolished in DC & western territories • Sept 1862: Lincoln announces his intention to issue Emancipation Proclamation in Jan 1863
Emancipation Proclamation • Jan 1, 1863 • Declares “forever free” slaves in areas in rebellion • Didn’t apply to border states • Now war was being fought over slavery, not just to preserve the union • Prevented England from aiding Confederacy
Repeating weapons (rifle, machine gun) Minie ball: new bullet Changed how soldiers fought (trench warfare) Ironclad ships – end to wooden navies New Technologies
Strategy: The Union • The Anaconda Plan • 3 Parts: 1. Blockade Southern ports 2. Capture the Mississippi to split Confederacy in two 3. Capture Confederate capital (Richmond, VA)
Strategy: The Confederacy • Mostly defensive • Invade the Union if possible • Try to get the Border states to secede
Lincoln’s Generals Winfield Scott Joseph Hooker Ulysses S. Grant Irwin McDowell George McClellan George Meade Ambrose Burnside George McClellan,Again!
The Confederate Generals “Stonewall” Jackson Nathan Bedford Forrest George Pickett Jeb Stuart James Longstreet Robert E. Lee
1st Battle of Bull Run/Manassas • July 21, 1861 • McDowell(N) vs. Beauregard/Johnston(S) • Union retreat • Had psychological & political impact
Wilson’s Creek • August 10, 1861 • Secessionist forces in MO vs. Union • Union loss but seriously weakened confederate cause in MO and allowed the Union to hold onto the state
Shiloh • April 6 - 7, 1862 in TN • Grant (N) vs. Johnston (S) • Union: 1,754 killed; 8,408 wounded; 2,885 captured • Confederates: 1,723 killed; 8,012 wounded; 959 missing • Union Victory
New Orleans • April 26, 1862 • Union captures city • David Farragut • Closed mouth of Mississippi River to Confederate trade = now South could not support its troops in west • City was largest & a banking center
2nd Battle of Bull Run • August 29, 1862 • Pope (N) vs. Lee & Jackson (S) • Confederate win
September 17, 1862 McClellan (N) vs. Lee (S) Copy of Lee’s orders found by Union Single bloodiest day of the war Antietam
Chancellorsville • May 1-5, 1863 • Hooker (N) vs. Lee/Jackson (S) • Union retreat • Stonewall Jackson killed
Siege of Vicksburg • May 22 – July 4, 1863 • Surrendered to Grant (N) • Key region for control of Mississippi River
Gettysburg • July 1-3, 1863 • Began when a Confederate Infantry Brigade marching eastward in search of shoes clashed with 2 Union cavalry brigades • Meade (N) vs. Lee (S) • Union win • Heavy casualties • Stopped Confederate invasion of North
Sherman’s March to the Sea • Sept 1864: captured and burned Atlanta • Marched through GA to Savannah • 60,000 men cut a 60 mile wide path – destroyed everything • Turned North and went through SC & NC
Election of 1864 • Republicans & War Democrats = formed Union Party • Union: Lincoln & Andrew Johnson • Democrat: George McClellan • Union victories turned tide of election