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Chapter 11 APUSH Mrs. Price

Explore the economic development and social dynamics of the South in the 1800s, focusing on the impact of slavery and the cotton industry. Learn about the different classes of white society, the lives of slaves, and the resistance they faced.

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Chapter 11 APUSH Mrs. Price

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  1. Chapter 11APUSHMrs. Price “Whenever I hear anyone arguing for slavery, I feel a strong impulse to see it tried on him personally.” – Abraham Lincoln

  2. Southern Economy • Shift to Cotton • Most important economic development • Short-staple cotton

  3. Shift in Economic Power: Lower South • Upper South: relied on tobacco (unstable market) • Coastal South: relied on rice (irrigation, long growing season) • Gulf Coast: sugar (heavy competition)

  4. Southern Agriculture

  5. Value of Cotton Exports As % of All US Exports

  6. In 1820s: cotton production spread rapidly • By 1850s: most important Southern crop • Dominated deep south & prompted population migration

  7. Other Economic Development • Textile & Iron manufacturing - Insignificant compared to agriculture - Upper south • Everything linked to plantation economy

  8. Inadequate Transportation System • Little investment in internal improvements • Few canals, roads unsuitable • Railroads expanded in 1840s-1850s; most lines short & local • Principal means of transportation: water

  9. Some warned of unequal relationship between North & South • James B.D. DeBow

  10. Why was the South so different? • Profitability of agriculture • Southerners had capital invested in land & slaves • Other arguments (climate, work habits)

  11. White Society in the South • Planter Class • Small Farmers • The Poor

  12. Planter Class • Whites who owned 40-50 slaves & 800+ acres • Controlled political, economic, & social life

  13. A Real Georgia Plantation

  14. Small Farmers • “Plain Folk” • Owned few slaves; ¾ owned none • Planted subsistence or small cash crops • “Hill people”: backcountry, did not support secession

  15. Chart: Total Deaths % OF SOUTHERN WHITE FAMILIES OWNING SLAVES IN 1860 % About 1,150,000 Southern white families owned no slaves---75% About 384,000 Southern white families owned 1 slave or more---25% (Number of slaves) Total of 1,534,000 Southern white families in 1860……A total population of 7,981,000….

  16. Chart/slave owners FACTS ON SLAVERY • Out of the 25% of slaveowners, here is the breakdown of the number of slaves. • 75% owned 1 to 9 slaves. • 22% owned 10 to 49 owned slaves. • 3% owned 50 or more slaves. 384,000 1860

  17. The Poor • 500,000 in 1850 • Lived on marginal lands • Few owned lands

  18. Free Blacks • 1861: 250,000 in South • Mostly in VA & MD • Bought freedom or set free by masters • 1833: laws changed & it became more difficult to set free slaves (after Turner Rebellion)

  19. Slavery • Isolated South from rest of American society • Slave codes: regulated slavery (enforcement was spotty) - Could not teach them to read or write - Could not congregate after dark - Could not own a firearm

  20. Picture/Cotton Kingdom FACTS ON SLAVERY • No political or civil rights to protect slaves • U.S. was the largest slave institution in the world by 1860 • U.S. produced 7/8’s of world’s cotton supply • Peculiar Institution, to own another human being is immoral. • Cotton is King/King Cotton • South was not willing to change • Always felt isolated and threatened from the rest of the U.S.

  21. 2 Systems of Slave Labor • Task System - Rice • Gang System - Cotton, Tobacco, Sugar

  22. Life of Slaves • Were given food & clothing • Lived in cabins • High death rate • Financial incentive to protect slaves (importation banned) • Used hired labor for dangerous tasks

  23. Slaves posing in front of their cabin on a Southern plantation.

  24. Slave Accoutrements Slave MasterBrands Slave muzzle

  25. Slave Accoutrements Slave leg irons Slave tag, SC Slave shoes

  26. Slaves in Cities • Hired out as laborers or worked in textile mills • Slavery in cities declined as cities grew

  27. Slave Trade • Markets: New Orleans, Mobile, Galveston, & Natchez • $500 – 1700 for a good field hand • Illegal smuggling continued until 1850s

  28. Slave Resistance • Dominant response: adaptation & resistance • Running away (The Underground Railroad) • refusal to work hard, acts of sabotage, stealing

  29. Map/Underground RR • The Underground Railroad existed as early as 1786. It was started by the Quakers and spread through most of the North by 1830. • One estimate places the number of African Americans who escaped through the Underground Railroad between 1830 and 1860 at 50,000. • Underground Railroad provided food, shelter, and hiding places to runaway slaves as they escaped to Canada • Violated the Fugitive Slave Law

  30. Map/Underground RR

  31. Slave Revolts • 1800: Gabriel Prosser - Richmond, VA - plan to seize arsenal thwarted • 1822: Denmark Vesey - Charleston, SC - planned uprising discovered

  32. Nat Turner (1831) • Southampton County, VA • Slave preacher tried to begin a slave uprising • Armed revolt; killed 60 whites • Lasted 2 days • 3,000+ of state militia were sent to put down the rebellion • Over 100 blacks were executed; Turner was captured 6 weeks later

  33. Slave Revolts/Turner SLAVE REVOLTS Arrest of Nat Turner Tree Nat Turner was hung on Nat Turner Rebellion

  34. Slave Culture • Language & music important • Way of coping with enslavement • Religion – developed own version of Christianity - more emotional - emphasized dream of freedom & deliverance

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