Chapter 28 APUSH Mrs. Price

1. Chapter 28APUSHMrs. Price “All that is necessary for the triumph of evil is that good men do nothing.” - Edmund Burke

2. American Morale High after Pearl Harbor Voluntary enlistments common

3. Major Battles of WWII War in Europe

4. Battle of Stalingrad Sept 1942 – Jan 1943 Turning point of war in Europe Russians defeat Germans

6. Operation Torch Oct 1942 Invasion of North Africa Commanders: Rommel (Germany); Montgomery (Britain); Eisenhower & Patton (US) Germans surrendered May 1943 in Tunisia

7. Attack Hitler’s “soft underbelly”

8. Allied Invasion of Italy July 1943 Mussolini forced to resign Italy surrenders Sept 1943; declares war on Germany Russians not invited to participate in surrender

9. Normandy Invasion D-Day/Operation Overlord June 6, 1944 200,000 Allied troops under command of Eisenhower land on French coast German defenses had been softened by heavy bombardment Allies broke through German lines & pushed inland

10. D-Day Invasion

11. Operation Anvil Aug 15, 1944 Allied invasion of Southern France Goal: advance to Paris & meet troops from Operation Overlord Paris liberated Aug 25, 1944

12. Battle of the Bulge Dec 1944 Last major German offensive in Ardennes forest of Belgium Allies regain original position in Jan 1945; begin to push toward Germany

13. End of War in Europe Eastern Front: Russian troops march through Poland & head toward Berlin Western Front: American & British forces cross the Rhine March 1945 April 12: FDR dies; Truman becomes president April 28: Mussolini assassinated April 30: Hitler commits suicide

14. V-E Day (May 8) May 7, 1945: Germany surrenders

15. War in the Pacific Allied strategy: win in Europe first

17. Assault on the Philippines MacArthur (US) Dec 8, 1941: Japan begins aerial attacks; Dec 22: 43,000 troops land; US defense unsuccessful US pushed back to Bataan – surrendered April 8, 1942

18. Bataan Death March 10,000 died on 65 mile march to POW camps

19. Bombing of Tokyo (April 1942)

20. Battle of Coral Sea May 1942 Stopped Japanese drive towards Australia

21. Battle of Midway June 3, 1942 Operation Magic US forces attack Japanese fleet; destroy naval power US commander: Nimitz Turning point of war in Pacific: Allies now on offensive

22. American Offensive Battle of Guadacanal (July 1942 – Feb 1943) : Japan gives up island; first taste of jungle warfare Battles in Gilberts, Marshalls, & Marianas (1943-44)

23. End of the War in the Pacific Island hopping: 1943 & 1944 Battle of the Philippines Sea (June 1944): US victory Battle of the Leyte Gulf (Oct 1944): MacArthur returns to the Philippines Largest naval battle in history Manila taken in Feb 1945

24. Iwo Jima & Okinawa (1945)

25. Bombing of Tokyo May 23, 1945 83,000 died

26. Manhattan Project Secret plan to develop the atomic bomb (Began Aug 1942) Robert Oppenheimer Fat Man & Little Boy

27. Hiroshima Aug 6, 1945 130,000 died immediately

28. Nagasaki Aug 9, 1945 60,000 killed

29. V-J Day Aug 13, 1945: Japan surrenders V-J Day (Sept 2)

30. Why the Atomic Bomb was Used To end war quickly To save US lives – vs. invasion of Japan To serve as a deterrent

31. War at Home Economic Recovery Increased federal spending Incomes grew Personal savings grew

32. Development of the West To serve the needs of the military Transformed region’s economy

33. Soldiers

34. War Created a Labor Shortage 15 million men & women in armed forces Brought new workers into work force Increased union membership (maintenance-of-membership agreement) Also put restrictions on unions (no strike pledge)

35. Fear of Inflation Leads to Govt Action Anti-Inflation Act (1942): govt could freeze prices, wages, rents Office of Price Administration: rationed scarce consumer goods

36. Financing the War 1941-1945: $321 billion Half $ raised by selling bonds Rest by income taxes

37. War Production War Production Board (1942): not very effective – became Office of War Mobilization Mass production gave US advantage

38. African Americans & the War FDR created Fair Employment Practices Commission: to investigate discrimination in war industries CORE (Congress of Racial Equality): sit-ins Better treatment in military

39. Native Americans & the War 25,000 served in military Code-talkers Many young left reservation – jobs, military service

40. Mexican-Americans & the War Bracero program (1942): Mexicans could work in US for a limited time Zoot Suit Riots (June 1943)

41. Japanese Americans & the War 127,000 – most in CA (Issei & Nisei) Feb 1942: FDR authorized internment (War Relocation Authority) Camps were harsh; some were allowed to work, go to college 1944: Korematsu v. US: relocation is constitutional 1988: Reparations to survivors

43. Executive 9066

45. Chinese Americans & the War Status improved during war 1943: Congress repealed Chinese Exclusion Act

46. Social Changes Women in work force increased Rosie the Riveter WACs & WAVEs Juvenile crime increased Marriage, birth rates increased

47. 7 Future American Presidents Served in World War II

48. WW II Casualties • Civilians only. • Army and navy figures. • Figures cover period July 7, 1937 to Sept. 2, 1945, and concern only Chinese regular troops. They do not include casualties suffered by guerrillas and local military corps. • Deaths from all causes. • Against Soviet Russia; 385,847 against Nazi Germany. • Against Soviet Russia; 169,822against Nazi Germany. • National Defense Ctr., CanadianForces Hq., Director of History.