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IAPWS MEETING MARCH 14th 2005 Supercritical Properties and Geothermal Energy, Hydrogen, Methanol and Metals

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IAPWS MEETING MARCH 14th 2005 Supercritical Properties and Geothermal Energy, Hydrogen, Methanol and Metals

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    2. The whole concept of a hydrogen economy, to counter climate change, requires finding large sources of clean energy to create hydrogen. An enormous amount of geothermal energy and additional methane, hydrogen and metals/minerals exist in hydrothermal fluids that originate from high temperature magmatically heated reaction zones.

    3. Tectonic Plate Spreading

    4. Hydrothermal Ocean Ridge Formation Spreading Center-Iceland Mid-Ocean Ridges are places where the Earth's tectonic plates are gradually moving apart: magma rises up to fill the gap magma provides an enormous heat source that creates many seafloor hotsprings (black smokers etc.) along these ridges undersea thermal capacity is orders of magnitude greater than conventional land based systems transports heat and chemicals into the ocean Mid-Ocean Ridges are places where the Earth's tectonic plates are gradually moving apart, and as they do, magma rises up to fill the gap, sometimes leading to submarine volcanic eruptions. This shallow magma provides a heat source that creates many seafloor hotsprings along the ridges which transport heat and chemicals into the ocean. Mid-Ocean Ridges are places where the Earth's tectonic plates are gradually moving apart, and as they do, magma rises up to fill the gap, sometimes leading to submarine volcanic eruptions. This shallow magma provides a heat source that creates many seafloor hotsprings along the ridges which transport heat and chemicals into the ocean.

    5. Mid-Atlantic Ridge - Iceland Plates are moving apart at a rate of only 2 cm/year Mid-Atlantic Ridge occurs on the island These systems bring the Magma close to the surface such as what occurs in an Island Arc System (Aleutians)

    7. Saline Hydrothermal Systems Seawater penetrates the ocean floor or land mass (e.g. Iceland and the Aleutians or Coastal Alaska?) through highly fractured zones Very different chemistry than conventional land based hydrothermal convection cells Much greater energy content and maximum temperature potential than conventional land based systems Can be highly permeable with no possible loss of water or pressure over time as occurs with conventional land based systems

    8. Reykjanes Drill Site

    10. Black Smoker Laden with metal sulfides that precipitate into suspended particulates on contact with the cold seawater Fluids also contain H2, CH4 and CO2 Raw materials for Methanol Synthesis Similar fluids come from the Icelandic land based plant and many other worldwide locations (e.g Alaska, Africa etc.)

    12. Papua New Guinea Back Arc Spreading Centre

    13. Meteoric Water (Conventional Plants) Fluids contain silicon, aluminum salts, potassium, trace minerals, CO2, H2 & H2S Oceanic Water (Iceland Pilot Plant - First worldwide) Complex process – Supercritical aqueous chloride fluids strip metals, minerals and create gases (H2 and H2S) in an interaction with magma at high T? As yet undetermined, juvenile fluids may contribute substantially to gas and mineral content

    14. HYDROGEN SOURCES Hydrogen may occur naturally in vent fluids water gas reaction using coke & water ( >600ş C ) C present in rock formations such as Basalt steam reforming process using natural gas and water ( >600ş C ) which could occur near the magma source possibly accounts for some of the dissolved hydrogen present in vent fluids (solubility increases with increasing pressure)

    15. HYDROGEN SOURCES - CONT. Water gas shift may also occur H2O + CO H2 + CO2 H2 + CO2 Methanol (high T Catalytic) Many teams are researching H2 and CH4 concentrations in vent fluids and will also investigate the similar content in land based systems Very similar fluids exist in Oceanic source wells in Iceland, Alaska? and hydrothermal vents 101 ways to produce hydrogen or methanol! SWPO using cheap available thermal energy in Iceland or Alaska General Atomics (USA) is leading SWPO processes for H2 production

    22. SCW PROPERTIES Accounts for solubility variation May account for some self sealing mechanisms – may cause increased pressures below such a formation Low density permits high wellhead pressures (at 5000C the density is around 1/5 of seawater)

    28. Global Resource Potential

    29. Tectonic Plate Boundaries

    31. East Africa Rift

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