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TISSUES, GLANDS, AND MEMBRANES

TISSUES, GLANDS, AND MEMBRANES. CHAPTER 4 CONTENT “IN THE MIDDLE OF DIFFICULTY LIES OPPORTUNITY.” ALBERT EINSTEIN. TISSUE CLASSIFICATION. EPITHELEAL CONNECTIVE MUSCLE NERVE MUSCLE AND NERVE WILL BE DISCUSSED IN LATER CHAPTERS. EPITHELEAL TISSUES. SQUAMOUS CUBOIDAL COLUMNAR

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TISSUES, GLANDS, AND MEMBRANES

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  1. TISSUES, GLANDS, AND MEMBRANES CHAPTER 4 CONTENT “IN THE MIDDLE OF DIFFICULTY LIES OPPORTUNITY.” ALBERT EINSTEIN

  2. TISSUE CLASSIFICATION • EPITHELEAL • CONNECTIVE • MUSCLE • NERVE • MUSCLE AND NERVE WILL BE DISCUSSED IN LATER CHAPTERS.

  3. EPITHELEAL TISSUES • SQUAMOUS • CUBOIDAL • COLUMNAR • CAN BE ARRANGED IN DIFFERENT MANNERS • SIMPLE • STRATIFIED • PSEUDO-STRATIFIED • TRANSITIONAL

  4. SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM • SIMPLE – ONE LAYER THICK; FOUND IN AREAS ALLOWING EXCHANGE TO OCCUR. • STRATIFIED – FOUND WHERE WEAR AND TEAR OCCURS ON CELLS. • PSEUDO-STRATIFIED- APPEAR LAYERED BUT ARE NOT • TRANSITIONAL – ABLE TO EXPAND AREA BUT NOT BASIC CELL SHAPED

  5. SPECIAL FEATURES OF EPITHELIUM • GOBLET CELLS – PRODUCE MUCUS • CILIA – HAIR LIKE PROJECTIONS INVOLVED WITH MOVEMENT ON EDGE OF STRUCTURE • QUICKLY REPAIR SELF; ADAPT TO WEAR AND TEAR (IE CALLUSES ON HANDS)

  6. GLANDS • PRODUCES A SUBSTANCE SENT TO OTHER PARTS OF THE BODY TO FUNCTION • EXOCRINE – THE SUBSTANCE EXITS THE GLAND THROUGH A DUCT • ENDOCRINE – THE BLOOD VESSELS PICK UP THE SUBSTANCE WITHIN THE GLAND TO DISTRIBUTE TO THE BODY

  7. CONNECTIVE TISSUE • PROVIDES SUPPORT • MATRIX – NONLIVING MATERIAL BETWEEN TISSUES MADE OF WATER, FIBER, AND HARD MINERALS

  8. 3 CLASSES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE • CIRCULATING – LYMPH, BLOOD • GENERALIZED – FIBROBLASTS- TENDON, LIGAMENTS, JOINT CAPSULES • STRUCTURAL – ASSOCIATED WITH THE SKELETON- CARTILAGE, BONE

  9. GENERALIZED CONNECTIVE TISSUE • LOOSE • AREOLAR – AROUND VESSELS/ ORGANS, IN MEMBRANES, BETWEEN MUSCLES, UNDER THE SKIN • ADIPOSE – FAT TISSUE • DENSE • IRREGULAR – FIBROUS MEMBRANES TO COVER ORGANS • REGULAR – TENDONS (MUSCLE TO BONE) AND LIGAMENTS (BONE TO BONE)

  10. CARTILAGE • STRONGER THAN OTHER TISSUES EXCEPT BONE • MADE OF CHONDROCYTES • HYALINE – TRANSLUCENT “GRISTLE”, COVERS LONG BONES, BETWEEN RIBS/ STERNUM, NOSE • FIBROCARTILAGE – PUBIC SYMPHYSIS, SPINAL DISC, AROUND KNEE JOINT • ELASTIC - OUTER EAR, LARYNX

  11. BONE • OSSEOUS TISSUE • CARTILAGE AS A FETUS, OSSEFIES NEAR BIRTH AND CONTINUES TO DEPOSIT MINERALS • OSTEOBLASTS – CELLS THAT WILL BECOME OSTEOCYTES (BONE CELLS), BUILD BONE • OSTECLASTS – BREAK DOWN BONE TISSUE FOR RESORPTION BY THE BODY, ‘CRUNCH’ BONE • MORE IN CHAPTER 7

  12. MUSCLE TISSUE • SKELETAL MUSCLE • VOLUNTARY, STRIATED, MULTINUCLEATED • CARDIAC MUSCLE • INVOLUNTARY, STRIATED, INTERCALATED DISCS, MULTINUCLEATE • SMOOTH MUSCLE • INVOLUNTARY, SMOOTH, UNINUCLEATE • MORE IN CHAPTER 8

  13. NERVE TISSUE • CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM • BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD • PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM • ALL NERVES OUTSIDE THE SPINAL CORD AND BRAIN • NERVE CELL – NEURON; IMPULSE TRAVELS FROM DENDRITES TO THE CELL BODY, THEN DOWN THE AXON TO THE AXON TERMINAL WHERE NEUROTRANSMITTERS ARE RELEASED TO STIMULATE THE NEXT DENDRITES OR ORGANS • NEUROGLIA – SUPPORT CELLS FOR THE BRAIN • MORE INCHAPTER 9 AND 10

  14. EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES • SEROUS – LINE THE CLOSED VENTRAL BODY CAVITIES; HAS PARIETAL AND VISCERAL LAYERS • PLEURA • PERICARDIUM • PERITONEUM • MUCUS – LINE BODY WHERE IT IS EXPOSED TO OUTSIDE THE BODY • CUTANEOUS – SKIN (CHAPTER 6)

  15. CONNECTIVE TISSUE MEMBRANES • SYNOVIAL – BETWEEN JOINTS; SECRETE LUBRICANT; ALSO LINE THE BURSAE • MENINGES – COVERING OF BRAIN & SPINAL CORD • FASCIA – FIBROUS BANDS/ SHEETS TO HOLD ORGANS IN PLACE • SUPERFICIAL – LIES UNDER THE SKIN, HOLDS FAT • DEEP – COVERS, PROTECTS SKELETAL MUSCLES • FIBROUS PERICARDIUM – CAVITY WHERE HEART SITS • PERIOSTEUM – FIBROUS COVERING OF BONE • PERICHONDRIUM – COVERING AROUND CARTILAGE

  16. MEMBRANE AND DISEASE • MEMBRANES TEND TO SEPARATE CAVITIES SO THEY SLOW THE SPREAD OF INFECTION. • OTHER TIMES THE MEMBRANES THEMSELVES ARE INFLAMED. • TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES • SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE) • RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

  17. TUMORS (– OMAS) • BENIGN – DOES NOT SPREAD • PAPILLOMA • ADENOMA • LIPOMA • MYOMA • ANGIOMA • NEVUS • CHONDROMA • OSTEOMA • MALIGNANT – SPREADS • CARCINOMA ( FROM EPITHELIUM) • SARCOMA – (CONNECTIVE TISSUE) • NEUROMA – NERVE TISSUE • GLIOMA • LYMPH TISSUE • LEUKEMIA • LYMPHOMA

  18. DIAGNOSING CANCER • ‘CAUTION’ – MONITOR THE SYMPTOMS • MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF SAMPLE FROM BODY • BIOPSY – NEEDLE, PUNCH, ENDOSCOPIC, SURGICAL • RADIOGRAPHY – X RAYS, DENSE TISSUE • ULTRASOUND – SOUND WAVES, SOFT TISSUE • COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY – CROSS -SECTIONAL XRAYS; USED WITH BRAIN • MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING – MAGNETS AND RADIO WAVES FOR SOFT TISSUE • POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY – RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCE GIVEN WHICH CONCENTRATES IN ACTIVE CELLS = ‘HOT SPOT” – NOTES CANCER ACTIVITY • SERUM TESTING – CA 125, GENES

  19. TREATMENT OF CANCER • STAGING – T, N, M • SURGERY • RADIATION • CHEMOTHERAPY • TARGETED IMMUNOTHERAPY

  20. TISSUES AND AGING • TISSUE LOSES ELASTICITY • COLLAGEN LESS FLEXIBLE • BLOOD VESSELS LESS FLEXIBLE = HTN • LESS BLOOD FLOW TO LOWER = HARD TO HEAL • TENDONS AND LIGAMENTS STRETCH • STOOPED POSTURE • JOINT INSTABILITY • BONES LOSE CALCIUM • PRONE TO FRACTURE; OSTEOPOROSIS • MUSCLES ATROPHY

  21. MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY • HIST/O- • EPI- • PSEUD/O- • -BLAST • CHONDR/O- • OSS, OSSE/O – • OST/E- • MY/O- • CARDI/O- • LEUK/O • GRAPH/O • ULTRA- • ANT/I- • NEUR/O- • PLEUR/O- • PERI- • -ITIS • ARTHR/O- • NEO- • MAL- • -OMA • ONC/O- • PAPILL/O- • ADEN/O- • ANGI/O-

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