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Chapter 6 Tissues and Membranes. Introduction. Tissues are groups of cells similar to each other in structure and function. Membranes are thin sheets of tissue that cover surfaces, line body cavities, and surround organs. Types of Tissue . Epithelial Tissue Types
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Introduction • Tissues are groups of cells similar to each other in structure and function. • Membranes are thin sheets of tissue that cover surfaces, line body cavities, and surround organs.
Types of Tissue • Epithelial Tissue Types • Epithelial tissue covers surfaces, lines cavities, and engages in secretion/absorption and protective functions. • Epithelial tissue is classified according to cell shape (squamous, cuboidal, and columnar) and layers (simple and stratified). • The types and functions are summarized in Table 6-1.
Types of Tissue - cont’d • Connective Tissue • The primary function of connective tissue is to bind together the parts of the body. Other functions include support, protection, fat storage, and transport of substances. • Connective tissue has an abundant intercellular matrix that fills spaces between cells. The intercellular matrix may be liquid, gel-like, or hard. The matrix often contains protein fibers that are secreted by the cells. • There are three types of loose connective tissue: areolar, adipose, and reticular.
Types of Tissue - cont’d • Connective Tissue—cont’d • Dense fibrous connective tissue forms tendons, ligaments, capsules, and fascia, and is found in the skin (dermis). • Types of cartilage include: hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. • Bone (osseous tissue) is connective tissue formed by osteocytes. Bone cells have a hard intercellular matrix that includes collagen, calcium salts, and other minerals. • Blood and lymph are types of connective tissue that have a watery intercellular matrix.
Types of Tissue - cont’d • Nervous Tissue • Nervous tissue is found in the peripheral nerves, brain, and spinal cord. • The two types of nervous tissue are neurons, which transmit electrical signals, and neuroglia, which support and take care of the neurons. • Muscle Tissue • Muscle cells contract, thereby causing movement. • The three kinds of muscle are skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.
Tissue Repair • Tissue Repair by Regeneration • Replacement of tissue by cells that undergo mitosis • Tissue Repair by Fibrosis • Formation of scar tissue
Membranes • Epithelial Membranes • The cutaneous membrane is the skin. • Mucous membranes are epithelial membranes that line all body cavities that open to the exterior of the body. • Serous membranes are epithelial membranes that line the ventral body cavities, which are not open to the exterior of the body. • Serous membranes form two layers: a parietal layer that lines the wall of the cavity and a visceral layer that covers the outside of an organ. • The three serous membranes are the pleura, the pericardium, and the peritoneum.
Membranes - cont’d • Connective Tissue Membranes • Synovial membranes are connective tissue membranes. • Other connective tissue membranes are listed in Table 6-3.