Tissues and Membranes Chapter 6

1. Tissues and MembranesChapter 6 Joe Pistack MS/ED

2. __________-groups of cells that are similar to each other in structure and function. • Four Major types: epithelial-__________ connective-___________ nervous-__________ muscular-__________ • Histology- the study of tissues.

3. Epithelial Tissue • Also called epithelium. • Forms large ____________. • Helps form ________ and _______entire outer surface of the body. • Line most of the inner ________ such as the mouth, respiratory tract, reproductive tract.

4. Epithelial Tissue • Primarily concerned with: protection -how_______________ absorption -how_______________ filtration -how_______________ secretion -how_______________ • Abundant in organs such as digestive tract. • Forms glands that secrete a variety of hormones and enzymes.

5. Epithelial Tissue • Characteristics: • Forms continuous sheets. • Cells fit together ____________. • Has two surfaces, one surface is always _______________ , like the skin or lining of the mouth. • Under surface attaches to ___________________ (very thin material that anchors epithelium to underlying structures).

6. Epithelial Tissue • _________________-has no blood supply. • Nourished from blood supply from underlying connective tissue. (able to repair and regenerate quickly).

7. Epithelial Tissue

8. Epithelial Tissue • Classified-according to shape and number of layers. • Three Shapes: squamous is what _____________ cuboidal is what _____________ columnar is what _____________

9. classification • Squamous epithelium-cells are ______________ • Cuboidal epithelium-cells are ________________ • Columnar epithelium-cells are _________________ • Epithelial cells-arranged in _____________.

10. classification • Simple epithelium-__________ layer. • Stratified epithelium-______ or _________ layers. • Shape and number of layers are used to describe types of epithelium.

11. Classification of epithelial tissue

12. Simple Epithelia • One layer of cells. Layer is thin. • Concerned primarily with the movement, or _____________ of various substances across the membranes from one compartment to another. • Simple squamous epithelium-single layer with an underlying basement membrane. • Found where substances move by rapid _________ or filtration.

13. Simple squamous epithelium

14. Simple Squamous epithelium • Found in the walls of capillaries-(the smallest blood vessels). • Eg.-the walls of the alveoli-(air sacs of the lungs). The tissue allows the rapid___________ofoxygen from alveoli into the blood.

15. Simple cuboidal epithelium • Single layer of cells resting on a basement membrane. • Cuboidal in shape. • Found in glands and kidney tubules. • Functions in the transport and secretion of various substances.

16. Simple Cuboidal epithelium

17. Simple Columnar Epithelium • ________ layer of columnar cells resting on its basement membrane. • Tall, tightly packed cells. • Line the entire length of the _________ tract. • Play a major role in _________ of the products of digestion. • ________cells-modified columnar cells that produce mucous.

18. Simple Columnar Epithelium

19. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium • Single layer of columnar cells. • Cells are irregular shaped, appear multilayered. • ________________ means falsely stratified. • Function is to facilitate absorption and secretion.

20. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

21. Stratified Epithelia • ____________, stronger than simple epithelia. • Function-__________for tissues exposed to everyday wear and tear. • Found in the mouth, esophagus, and _________.

22. Found primarily in organs that need to stretch such as the bladder. • _____________- because the cells slide past one another when tissue is stretched.

23. Glandular Epithelia • Function-secretion. • Two types of glands: 1. ___________ 2. ___________ • _________ glands-contain _______ or tiny tubes into which the exocrine secretions are released before reaching the body surfaces or body cavities. • Ducts carry the __________ secretions outside the body.

24. Glandular Epithelia • Exocrine secretions include; _______, _______, _________, and __________ enzymes. • Eg. Sweat flows from the sweat glands through ducts onto the surface of the skin for __________.

25. Exocrine Gland

26. Endocrine gland • Secrete _______, such as insulin. • Do not have ________, called ___________ glands. • Because endocrine glands are _________, hormones are secreted directly into the blood. • Blood then carries the hormone to the site of action.

27. Connective tissue • Connects or binds parts of the body together. • Most __________ of the four types of tissue. • Widely distributed throughout the body. • Found in blood, under the skin, in bone and around many organs. • Other functions, support, protection, fat storage, and transport of substances.

28. Connective tissue • Although different types of connective tissue do not resemble each other closely they do share two characteristics: 1. Most connective tissue have a good blood supply except ligaments, tendons, and cartilage. 2. All connective tissues have an abundance of __________ ___________ • _____________ ______________-material that makes the types of tissues so different • Within connective tissue are fibers made of protein. They are: • Different types-collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers. 1. Collagen- _______________________________ 2. Elastin- ___________________________ 3. Reticular- like collagen but ________________

29. Types of connective tissue • Different Types: • Loose connective tissue • Dense fibrous connective tissue • Cartilage • Bone • Liquid connective tissue (blood & lymph)

30. Types of connective tissue • Loose connective tissue: contains fibers that are __________ arranged around cells. • Three types of connective tissue: areolar adipose reticular

31. Types of loose connective tissue Areolar Tissue: • Made up of collagen and elastin fibers in a gel-like intercellular matrix. • ___________, ____________,and ___________ many of the organs. • Acts like “tissue glue” holds the organs in position.

32. Types of connective tissue Adipose Tissue: • Type of loose connective tissue. • Stores fat • Forms the tissue layer underlying the skin (subcutaneous). • Insulates the body from extremes of outside temperature.

33. Types of connective tissue Reticular connective tissue: • Network of delicately interwoven cells and reticular fibers. • Forms the internal framework for lymphoid tissue such as the spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow.

34. Types of connective tissue Dense fibrous connective tissue: • Composed of an intercellular matrix that contains many collagen and elastic fibers. • Fibers form strong, supporting structures such as _________, ____________, __________ and _______.

35. Dense fibrous connective tissue Supporting structures: • __________-cordlike structures composed of dense fibrous connective tissue that attach muscle to bone. • _____________-dense fibrous connective tissue that cross joints and attach bones to each other. • _____________-dense fiber forms tough capsules around such organs as the kidney and liver. • ___________-dense fibrous connective tissue that forms bands or sheets to cover muscle, blood vessels and nerves.

36. Types of connective tissue Cartilage: • Formed by_______________ or cartilage cells. • Cartilage secrete a protein-containing ____________ ________that is firm, smooth and flexible • _______________-layer of connective tissue that covers cartilage, carries blood vessel supply to the cartilage.

37. Types of cartilage Three types of cartilage: • Hyaline cartilage • Elastic cartilage • Fibrocartilage Hyaline cartilage is found in in the:_________orvoicebox, ends of long bones and joints, the nose and the area between the breastbone and the ribs. Elastic cartilage is found in the __________________ and larynx Fibrocartilage is found in the _____________ discs, pads in the knee joint, and in the pubic bone

38. Types of connective tissue Bone Tissue (_____________ tissue): • Bone cells are called _________________. • Bone cells secrete an intercellular matrix that includes, collagen,_________salts, and other minerals. • Bone acts as a storage site for mineral salts, especially ____________ • Collagen provides___________and ________, and the mineral containing matrix as a whole makes the bone tissue hard. The hardness enables protection of organs such as the brain.

39. Osteoporosis • Occurs when mineralization of bone tissue is ___________. • Bone is_____________andtends to break easily. • Adequate intake of dietary calcium is essential for strong bones. • Calcium is needed throughout the life cycle. • _____________ encourages the deposition of calcium in bone tissue.

40. osteoporosis

41. Types of connective tissue Blood and Lymph: • Two types of connective tissue that have a _____________ intercellular matrix. • Form a liquid connective tissue. • Blood consists of blood cells surrounded by a fluid matrix called ________________.

42. Types of connective tissue

43. Nervous tissue Nervous Tissue: • Makes up the ___________, _________, and _______. • Consists of two types of cells: ________ and _________. • _______-nerve cells that transmit electrical signals to and from the brain and spinal cord. • _________-cells that support and take care of neurons.

44. Muscle tissue Muscle tissue: • Composed of cells that shorten, or __________. • Cause movement of body part by shortening and _____________. • Three types of muscle tissue are: • _______________________ • _______________________ • _______________________

45. Skeletal Muscle Skeletal Muscle: • Generally attached to ___________. • Appears to be ___________ or striated. • Moves the ___________, maintains ___________, and ______________ the joints.

46. Skeletal Muscle

47. Smooth Muscle Smooth Muscle: • Generally found in the walls of the ______ or ________ such as the stomach, intestines and urinary bladder. • Also found in tubes, such as __________ passages and ___________ __________. • Function is related to the organ in which it is found. As an example, stomach muscle help to churn food, bladder muscles help to expel urine.

48. Smooth muscle

49. Cardiac Muscle Cardiac Muscle: • Found only in the ____________. • Functions to pump blood into a vast network of blood vessels. • Cardiac muscle fibers are long branching cell that fit together ______ at junctions. • Arrangement promotes rapid conduction of ______________ signals throughout the heart.

50. Cardiac muscle