XXXII. Jacksonian America

1. XXXII. Jacksonian America A. Age of Democracy 1. 1820s states remove voting qualifications a. still only a few men voted b. issues disturbed life, voiced objections 2. Election of 1828 a. Jackson calls Adams, corrupt and aristocratic b. 400% increase in the amount of men voting over 1824 c. Jackson got 56% of popular vote, more than anyone in 1800s 3. Jackson symbolized democracy & the common man a. He owned slaves b. orphaned at 14, lived a riotous life, "a good old boy" c. Won through military career, "Old Hickory" 4. Political Parties emerge in real power a. Parties hold conventions to encourage party identification b. chose and promoted candidates and raise money

2. c. subsidize newspapers and attack political opponents d. politics became an American pastime, rallies, parades B. Birth of Democratic Party 1. after Jackson's defeat his supporters form Democratic party 2. little structure except opposed to the Adams 3. Campaign of 1828 dirtiest to date a. spectacle, parades, barbecues, rallies, buttons etc. b. slanderous accusations against Jackson and Adams i. Rachel Jackson, not divorced from first husband ii. Adams accused of bribing Clay for his support c. Jackson's supporters in Congress sabotage Adams i. Van Buren helped vote in one last strong tariff ii. "Tariff of Abominations" blamed on Adams iii. South, wavering in its support joined with Jackson C. Jackson as President 1. Jackson saw himself as only representative elected by everyone

3. a. used office far more than predecessors b. uses veto 12 times, only used 9 times before c. claims constitutionality not only grounds for veto 2. Indian policy a. fought against Creek 1813-14, Tennessee militia b. argued southern tribes living in middle of whites c. Indians should be removed for their own good d. claims state law superior to Indian & Federal law e. 1829 Georgia declared laws of Cherokee null and void i. declared Cherokee were people of color (black codes) ii. land hungry settlers move in quickly iii. Cherokee go to Supreme Court & Chief Justice Marshall f. 1832 Marshall rules in Worcester v. Georgia i. Georgia law did not apply to Cherokee ii. Jackson said, "Now that Mr. Marshall has made his decision now let him enforce it." g. 1835 Georgia defied court forces Cherokee removal treaty

4. h. 1838 Army removes Cherokee to Indian Territory i. cost U.S. $6 mil. deducted from $9 mil. paid ii. of 15,000 left on trail of tears 1/4 die i. Chickasaw also removed suffer similar losses j. Sac, Fox and Seminole fought for their land k. Seminole escaped into swamps D. Jackson's Vice President1829-1832 John C. Calhoun 1. Exposition and Protest1828 doctrine of nullification a. U.S. confederation of equal & sovereign states b. if federal law harmful state can declare it void c. Jackson believed in states rights but this going too far i. did not believe in rights of minority over majority ii. Calhoun resigns over the issue 2. South Carolina follows Calhoun's lead a. at a special southern convention Ordinance of Nullification b. declared tariffs of 1828 & 1832 null & void in their state c. S. Carolina starts volunteer army and threatens secession

5. d. Jackson declares S. Carolina's actions treasonous e. Congress passes Force Bill of 1833 but also reduces tariffs f. South Carolina repealed nullification of tariffs i. No one else supports nullification & tariffs lowered ii. kept pride by nullifying the Force Bill iii. Jackson, knowing southern pride, ignored last action

6. XXXIII. The Second Great Awakening A. 1790-1840 one of biggest revivals in American history 1. Charles Finney converted lawyer uses logic and argument a. free will to choose between good and evil B. Transcendentalism a secular movement longing for uncomplicated past 1. Writers Henry David Thoreau, Ralph Waldo Emerson a. believed truth was beyond experience in intuition b. encouraged men to return to nature, leave the city 2. Objected to evils of world, war, slavery materialism C. Separatist Communities 1. Seeking utopia and brotherhood away from cities 2. religious communities with unconventional ideas a. Oneida of New York i. believed only spiritual males should have sex ii. only reason to have sex, procreation iii. developed an ironworks and made silverware

7. b. Shakers believed sex was sinful depend on conversions c. Mormons i. Polygamy a. practiced until 1890s, 1896 statehood b. expensive, difficult to maintain c. 10%-20% adult men rich & prominent ii. Joseph Smith killed 1844 Nauvoo, Illinois iii. split after death of leader iv. Brigham Young 4/1847 leads a group on an exodus west a. 143 men 3 women & 2 children b. 1860 over 30,000 in Utah territory v. Church-State government vi. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in US a. leaders change to civil government b. Church leaders still hold office vii. Indian policy a. lost tribes of Israel?

8. d. Millerites, followed William Miller, obsessed with end of world i. Seventh Day Adventists break off the Millerites a. vegetarians, Sabbath day, and second coming of Christ D. Reform Movements 1. Women had more free time a. not as many chores or farm work b. not as many children as before c. new identity, turn to social issues 2. the Temperance movement a. direct result of the second great awakening b. culturally important to immigrant groups c. different views on alcohol i. some shunned strong drink ii. others moderation iii. extremests total abstinence d. people joined for different reasons e. whiskey consumption declined 1850-1861

9. 3. Belief in sexual abstinence a. doctors claimed it was a harmful waste of the body's energy i. people have only so much energy ii. sex takes away from productive business iii. could actually lead to disease b. Puritans believe in sex during marriage c. Victorians extremely prudish d. women taught should be less passionate e. Doctors urge women to control men i. rich built two separate bedrooms at this time ii. women blamed for son's poor behavior 4. Prisons and Insane asylums change a. put both insane & criminals in with minors b. reformers call for experiments and improvements c. children separated from adults, insane from sane d. trie solitary confinement some committed suicide e. adopt small cells with common working area

10. 5. Labor also a major concern a. 1820-1830 first labor unions in factories b. wanted shorter hours, higher wages, job guarantees & better life c. courts ruled against them most of the time d. panic of 1837 slowed down the movement e. 1850 managed to achieve a ten hour work day in many states E. Abolition movement 1. 1817 prominent white Virginians, American Colonization Society a. proposed gradual manumission b. hoped to buy freedom c. arranged shipment of slaves to west Africa d. 1830 establish Liberia independent 1846 e. Monrovia capitol named James Monroe f. resistance among Blacks & southerners g. more slaves born in U.S. than sent out 2. William Lloyd Garrison

11. a. 1831 starts Liberator anti-slavery newspaper b. 1832 organizes New England Anti-Slavery Society of Boston c. joins Cincinnati group forms American Anti-Slavery Society i. first nation wide Abolition movement ii. embraced other causes like women's rights 3. Students at Lane Seminary join movement and debate issue a. unlike others they believe African-Americans are equals b. students associate freely with African-Americans c. community pressures seminary President, Lyman Beecher d. Beecher disbands association forbids abolition talk e. 92% of students quit f. 40 follow Theodore Weld g. Oberlin College h. if open to women & Blacks 4. Early attempts to end Slavery by Abolitionists a. first attempt moral suasion i. taught against the evils of slavery

12. b. Some support sending Africans back to Africa i. 1822 sent ship of free Blacks to Liberia c. support political means, congressional action d. Still others try to boycotts e. Finally supported slave rebellions f. divisiveness led many members to break away g. Underground railroad supported by almost all abolitionists i. Harriet Tubman 1849 master died ii. to avoid sale in another state escaped to Philadelphia iii. 1st helped family then up to 300 slaves from Maryland iv. During War nurse & spy in S.C. for Union 5. Frederick Douglass speaks out against slavery a. escaped slavery as a young man b. speaker American Anti-Slavery Society i. preached about evils of slavery ii. eventually called for rebellions iii. leadership asked him to stop

13. iv. Douglass refused claimed slavery greatest evil of century c. supported the Liberty party, dedicated to end slavery d. 1847 the North Star later called Frederick Douglass's Paper 6. Many abolitionists fought for equal rights a. 1841 New Bedford, MA Black removed“white car" i. 40 protesters held a sit-in ii. 1st integrated demonstration in U.S b. Abolitionists challenge segregation in Mass. i. 1855 1st to outlaw segregated education 7. Meet strong opposition almost everywhere a. speakers assaulted and stoned by mobs b. 1835 Andrew Jackson"unconstitutional&wicked" i. urged Congress to ban literature in mail c. 1836 congress passes "gag rule" on abolitionist d. Elijah Lovejoy i. ran abolitionist press in Alton, Illinois ii. trying to protect his press in 1837 a mob killed him

14. F. The Women's Rights Movement 1. Women were second class citizens a. can’t vote, hold office, higher education b. could not own property c. in divorce lost children (go to man) 2. When women ostracized from abolition movement sought equality a. Sarah Grimké Letters on the Condition of Women and the Equality of the Sexes 1838 argued for equal rights b. Seneca Falls, N.Y. 1848 convention, sets agenda of movement i. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott organize ii. 100 people attend & issue a Declaration of Sentiments iii. call for equality, voting only issue contested 3. Few gains before the war a. Several states gave women right to control own property b. few states made divorce easier & granted women right to sue c. only after war did issues come to national prominence