Five Components of Computers

2. Five Components of Computers Memory Control Input Datapath Output Processor

3. Input / Output Technology • Human input interface Data Rate (Mbit/sec)* • Keyboard 0.0001 • Mouse 0.0038 • Speech 0.2640 • * I/O data rates are usually given in base 10 • K = 1,000 and M = 1,000,000 • instead of base 2 like memory and some transfer rates • K = 1,024 and M = 1,024 x 1,024

4. Input / Output Technology • Human output interface Data Rate (Mbits/sec) • Printer • Image: laser printer, ink jet printer 3.2 • Audio • sounds, music, speech 8.0 • Display • High Resolution Color Graphics Display 800-8000

5. Input / Output Technology • Data Storage Data Rate ( Mbits/sec) • Optical Disks 80-220 • Magnetic Tapes 5-120 • Hard Disks 800-3000

6. Input / Output Technology • Communications Data Rate ( Mbits/sec) • Modem 0.128-6.0 • Network / LAN 100-10,000

7. Input / Output Technology • Extremely Diverse • Response times • Data rates • Size of blocks of data

8. Input / Output Technology • Extremely Diverse • Response times • Data rates • Size of blocks of data • Requires Flexibility of Configuration • Unknown I/O may be added • Requires expandability

9. Input / Output Technology • Extremely Diverse • Response times • Data rates • Size of blocks of data • Requires Flexibility of Configuration • Unknown I/O may be added • Requires expandability • Most Require Critical Timing • Sustain data rates • Acceptable response time

10. How can we connect I/O to the computer ?

11. How can we connect I/O to the computer ? Dedicated Register ( I/O port) for each device I/O Register

12. How can we connect I/O to the computer ? Dedicated Register ( I/O port) for each device Special instructions to transfer data in and out of the register I/O Register

13. How can we connect I/O to the computer ? Dedicated Register ( I/O port) for each device Special instructions to transfer data in and out of the register I/O Register I/O device transfers data in and out of the register

14. How can we connect I/O to the computer ? Dedicated Register ( I/O port) for each device Special instructions to transfer data in and out of the register I/O Register I/O device transfers data in and out of the register Need control protocol and some control means

15. How can we connect I/O to the computer ? A Bus - A shared communication link

16. How can we connect I/O to the computer ? A Bus - A shared communication link Examples Register File Bus Memory Bus

17. How can we connect I/O to the computer ? • A Bus - A shared communication link • Examples • Register File Bus • Memory Bus • Shared Data and Address and Control lines ( wires) • by many I/O controllers/devices

18. How can we connect I/O to the computer ? • A Bus - A shared communication link • Examples • Register File Bus • Memory Bus • Shared Data and Address and Control lines ( wires) • by many I/O controllers/devices • Expandability, Expandability, Expandability

19. How can we connect I/O to the computer ? • A Bus - A shared communication link • Examples • Register File Bus • Memory Bus • Shared Data and Address and Control lines ( wires) • by many I/O controllers/devices • Expandability, Expandability, Expandability • Standard I/O bus interfaces enable third party • development

20. I/O bus Control CPU/ Memory Data I/O 1 I/O 2 I/O 3

21. I/O bus Control CPU/ Memory Data I/O 1 I/O 2 I/O 3 Typical bus transaction 1. CPU initiates a transfer with a selected I/O using Control

22. I/O bus Control CPU/ Memory Data I/O 1 I/O 2 I/O 3 • Typical bus transaction • CPU initiates a transfer with a selected I/O using Control • The Address is sent using Data ( Multiplexed)

23. I/O bus Control CPU/ Memory Data I/O 1 I/O 2 I/O 3 • Typical bus transaction • CPU initiates a transfer with a selected I/O using Control • The Address is sent using Data ( Multiplexed) • The data is sent / received using Data

24. I/O bus Control CPU/ Memory Data I/O 1 I/O 2 I/O 3 • Typical bus transaction • CPU initiates a transfer with a selected I/O using Control • The Address is sent using Data ( Multiplexed) • The data is sent / received using Data • Control lines control the timing, starting and completion

25. Processor Memory bus Memory Processor I/O Device

26. Connecting to CPU / Memory • The processor- memory bus • I/O conforms to the memory controls • ( Memory Mapped)

27. Connecting to CPU / Memory • The processor- memory bus • I/O conforms to the memory controls • Fastest bandwidth – Direct to CPU

28. Connecting to CPU / Memory • The processor- memory bus • I/O conforms to the memory controls • Fastest bandwidth – Direct to CPU • Very restricted length – few inches

29. Connecting to CPU / Memory • The processor- memory bus • I/O conforms to the memory controls • Fastest bandwidth – Direct to CPU • Very restricted length – few inches • Loading and noise are major problems

30. Connecting to CPU / Memory • The processor- memory bus • I/O conforms to the memory controls • Fastest bandwidth – Direct to CPU • Very restricted length – few inches • Loading and noise are major problems • Processor & Memory design specific

31. Processor-memory bus Memory Processor Bus Adapter I/O Device I/O Device Expansion bus I/O Device

32. Connecting to CPU / Memory • The processor - memory bus • Backplane bus or Expansion bus • Plug in Device Controller Card

33. Connecting to CPU / Memory • The processor - memory bus • Backplane bus or Expansion bus • Plug in Device Controller Card • Standard Spec’s (PCI, PCMCIA)

34. Connecting to CPU / Memory • The processor - memory bus • Backplane bus or Expansion bus • Plug in Device Controller Card • Standard Spec’s (PCI, PCMCIA) • Bus adapter to processor - memory bus

35. Connecting to CPU / Memory • The processor - memory bus • Backplane bus or Expansion bus • Plug in Device Controller Card • Standard Spec’s (PCI, PCMCIA) • Bus adapter to processor - memory bus • Length of several inches

36. Connecting to CPU / Memory • The processor - memory bus • Backplane bus or Expansion bus • Plug in Device Controller Card • Standard Spec’s (PCI, PCMCIA) • Bus adapter to processor - memory bus • Length of several inches • Can be different clock rate

37. Processor-memory bus Memory Processor Bus Adapter I/O Device I/O Device Expansion bus I/O Device I/O Bus Bus Adapter I/O Device I/O Device

38. Connecting to CPU / Memory • The processor - memory bus • Backplane bus or Expansion bus • I/O bus • Standard intelligent controller and interface

39. Connecting to CPU / Memory • The processor - memory bus • Backplane bus or Expansion bus • I/O bus • Standard intelligent controller and interface • SCSI (parallel / serial) and USB ( serial)

40. Connecting to CPU / Memory • The processor - memory bus • Backplane bus or Expansion bus • I/O bus • Standard intelligent controller and interface • SCSI (parallel / serial) and USB ( serial) • Simple low level interface

41. Connecting to CPU / Memory • The processor - memory bus • Backplane bus or Expansion bus • I/O bus • Standard intelligent controller and interface • SCSI (parallel / serial) and USB ( serial) • Simple low level interface • Typically connects to Expansion bus

42. Connecting to CPU / Memory • The processor - memory bus • Backplane bus or Expansion bus • I/O bus • Standard intelligent controller and interface • SCSI (parallel / serial) and USB ( serial) • Simple low level interface • Typically connects to Expansion bus • Length of several feet

43. Connecting to CPU / Memory • The processor - memory bus • Backplane bus or Expansion bus • I/O bus • Standard intelligent controller and interface • SCSI (parallel / serial) and USB ( serial) • Simple low level interface • Typically connects to Expansion bus • Length of several feet • May enable stand-alone device to device transfers

44. Processor-memory bus Memory Processor Bus Adapter I/O Device I/O Device Expansion bus I/O Device I/O Bus Bus Adapter I/O Device I/O Device

45. I/O Bus Examples

46. Typical x86 PC I/O System

47. VGA Controller