BRAZIL AS AN INTERNATIONAL ACTOR

1. BRAZIL AS AN INTERNATIONAL ACTOR Prior to Third Wave Democratization

3. Brazil in the Nineteenth Century • Four million people in 8,511,965 sq. kilometers • Two square kilometers per inhabitant • No other state in Latin America in this category

4. Instability on Southern Frontier • 1821 – Eastern Province of Rio de La Plata annexed to Brasil as Cisplatina • 1825 – Thirty three “Orientales” declare independence • 500 day Brazil-Argentine war • 1828 Uruguay independence • Cisplatina

5. Principles adopted by Brazil to guide its foreign policy • Vis a vis Europe and the United States • Pacifist ideology • Solicitation of foreign investment • Favored international arbitration • Judicial solutions preferred over political ones

6. Principles adopted by Brazil to guide its foreign policy • Vis a vis its neighbors • Aim: legal/peaceful solutions to frontier problems • Rio Branco – 1893-1912 successfully incorporated 430,621 sq miles plus Acre Territory • Defend territorial integrity • Resort to political and military options when threatened by Argentina

7. Paraná Basin

8. Traditions that Shaped Brazilian Behavior as International Actor • Heir to Portuguese rivalry with Spain • Alliance with England • Itamaraty – high quality foreign service • Foreign policy successes in late 19th century led to optimism concerning long range prospects in South America

9. Early Relations with the United States • Brazilian foreign policy elite viewed good relations with the U.S. as useful to limit penetration by European states • Also valued as potential deterrence to hostile designs by Argentina

10. Brazilian – American Alliance and its Decline: Background • Cordial relations prior to World War II • U.S. largest market for Brazilian coffee as early as 1865 • support for Brazil in international conferences • Brazil cordiality contrasted with suspicion on the part of Spanish-speaking Latin America • Both peripheral to each other’s central foreign policy concerns

11. Brazilian – American Alliance World War II & its Aftermath • Getulio Vargas casts his lot with the allied cause in 1940/41 • Brazilian participation in World War II • Italian campaign: disaster to success • U.S. a model for Brazilian military • Marshall Plan for Europe sows bitterness between the United States and Brazil

12. Brazil’s Experiment with an Independent Foreign Policy (1959-1964) • Component policies • Diplomatic relations with the Soviet Bloc countries • Expanded direct contacts with underdeveloped countries • Resistance to U.S. pressure for sanctions against Cuba

13. Experiment with Independent Foreign Policy: Origin • Operation Pan America – proposed by President J. Kubitschek in 1959 • Rooted in Brazilian disillusionment with U.S. foreign economic policy between 1945 and 1955 • Reflected • growing nationalism • Search for markets • New importance of domestic industrialists

14. Experiment with Independent Foreign Policy: Events • Janio Quadros, a conservative who supported independent foreign policy, elected president in 1960 • João Goulart (1961-64) applies a leftist twist to the independent foreign policy • 1962 abstains from OAS call for collective sanctions against Castro • Begins to reorient domestic policies

15. Unsuccessful Reform Under Castelo Branco: 1964 – 1966 • Constitutional Act? • “Soft” demobilization of the most militant Vargas forces • Elections of 1966 • Pro-Vargas forces victorious • Results not allowed to stand

16. U.S. Brazilian Alliance: Temporary Restoration • Pro-U.S. Army officers call the shorts (during?) after the conservative “revolution” of 1964 • Conservative revolution turns in directions not to Washington’s liking • Human rights • Continental ambitions

17. After CastelloBranco: Political Parties and Controlled Elections • Replacement of 1946 Constitution with Constitution of 1966 • Controlled two-party system (Constitution of 1966) • ARENA • PMDB

18. Arturo Costa e Silva (1966-69) Stop – go operations against Vargas followers and the left USA ambassador kidnapped Costa e Silva suffers a stroke Succession options Military takes hard line No compromise with dissidents Increasing nationalism U.S. pulls back from support of military regime Military Regime and its Governments (Vacillation?) The political prisoners that were exchanged in 1969 for the American embassador, Charles Elbrick,

19. Military Regime and its Governments (Round One) • Emilio Garrastazú Medici (1969-74) • Nationalism • Economic miracle • OBAN – Dark Side • Decorating Bolivian president • President Medici at White House

20. Military Regime and its Governments (Round 2) • Ernesto Geisel (1974-79) • Economic growth slows • Assertion of government control over shadowy terror apparatus • João Figueiredo (1979-85) • Dividing of the opposition • More economic difficulties • Searching for an exit strategy • Women protest against the military government

21. Carter Policies Undermine Special Relationship • Clash over nuclear nuclear electric plants (Angara dos Reyes) • Guidance systems for Sonda rockets • Controversy over human rights violations • Tensions at the State Dinner

22. Brazilian Military Presidents Castelo Branco (1964 – 1967) Costa e Silva (1967 – 1969) João Baptista Figueiredo (1979 - 1985) Emílio Médici (1969 – 1974) Ernesto Geisel (1974 - 1979)

23. Drive for Upward International Mobility: Intensifies under Military Regime • Industrialization as a path to great power status • Emerging military-industrial complex exacerbates tensions with Washington • Nuclear program incorporates German technology • Arms and aircraft • Events in 1990’s debilitate Brazilian arms industries (Gulf War) • Generally competitive nature of Brazilian industrial production

24. Mixed results from the decades of military rule leads to reorientation of Brazilian Foreign Policy after 1985