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Pick up: Protein Synthesis notepage DNA Coloring – Transcription & Translation

Today in Biology…. Pick up: Protein Synthesis notepage DNA Coloring – Transcription & Translation Protein Synthesis wkst. Week #9 (12/9-12/13) Warm Up – Mon, 12/9: - Review of DNA Base pairing (1, 7, 11 & 21). Biology Fun Fact:

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Pick up: Protein Synthesis notepage DNA Coloring – Transcription & Translation

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  1. Today in Biology… • Pick up: • Protein Synthesis notepage • DNA Coloring – Transcription & Translation • Protein Synthesis wkst Week #9 (12/9-12/13) Warm Up– Mon, 12/9: - Review of DNA Base pairing (1, 7, 11 & 21) Biology Fun Fact: There are thousands of different proteins within each organism, but they are built from only 22 amino acids. Amino acids are called “building blocks of life” & are constructed in the protein-building factory of the cell - the ribosome. • Homework: • DNA Extraction Lab Applications Write-up – Thurs, 12/12 • DNA Replication & Protein Synthesis Test – Fri, 12/13 • Agenda: • Protein Synthesis notes: Transcription • Coloring & Protein Synthesis wkst Unit Learning Goal: I will understand the workings of DNA & RNA Replication & Protein Synthesis.

  2. L? – DNA Extraction Applications Write-up Applications - What are the applications or uses of DNA Extraction? Identify & explain at least 2 uses for this lab. - Research a case (study or scenario) in which DNA was used. - MUSTinclude a “Works Cited” page (last page of report) to cite your source!!! -IF NO WORKS CITED, IT IS PLAGAIRISM = “0”!!! This APPLICATIONS WRITE-UP is DUE Tues, 12/12 & falls into the Assignment Category of LABS/LAB REPORTS which is worth 30% of your overall grade!!! DNA Extraction applications write-up DUE Thurs, 12/12

  3. Pg. 65 – DNA Coloring: Transcription & Translation • On the Protein Synthesis wkst, read direction#1. • Complete questions #1, 7, 11 & 21. Review of DNA Base pairing

  4. Pg. 46 – How DNA Determines Everything! Concept Map How DNA determines everything in our body? Replication DNA Transcription ? RNA Translation ? Protein

  5. Pg. 49 – “Protein Synthesis notes” • A gene, is a section of the DNA strand that gives the code for one protein. • The proteincoded for in each gene determines how a characteristicof an organism will develop… • Regulating cell processes, • Constructing muscle & bone, • Fighting diseases… • & lots more!!! How DNA decides our traits…

  6. Pg. 49 – “Protein Synthesis notes” So, how does DNA’s message travel out of the nucleus & into the cytoplasm of the cell, where the message gets expressed as a protein? This process is known as: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

  7. Pg. 49 – “Protein Synthesis notes” RNA!!! • Ribose Nucleic Acid • Similar to DNAbut: • Smaller & single-stranded • Sugar = ribose(not deoxyribose) • Contains all the same bases exceptThymine • Replaced with Uracil • RNA has G, C, A, U First, we need…

  8. Pg. 49 – “Protein Synthesis notes” • Used in Protein Synthesis: • mRNA(messenger RNA) • rRNA(ribosomal RNA) • tRNA(transfer RNA) 3 kinds of rna

  9. Pg. 49 – “Protein Synthesis notes” Now that we know about DNA & RNA, we can learn Protein Synthesis!!! • Protein Synthesis is the process of making a protein from DNA. • It has 2 parts: Transcription & Translation

  10. Pg. 49 – “Protein Synthesis notes” • Transcription video (5:30) • Analogy: • Imagine that you have a large, old & valuable cookbook that's been in the family for generations. • Obviously, you don't want to get it soiled with tomato sauce & olive oil, so when you want to make use of a recipe you might copy a page by hand onto a piece of paper to use at stove-side. • The process of transcriptionis like making a handwritten copy of a page from the original text for actual use. Transcription

  11. Pg. 49 – “Protein Synthesis notes” • Analogy: • In this analogy, the cookbook is the DNA. • It carries many recipes (for DNA, the recipes contain information on how to construct proteins; the recipes are the genes). • The handwritten copy is a transcriptionof the text (a copy in the same language but in a different form) that is being used for a specific recipe (a certain protein). • It is possible to make many copies of a single recipe (it is possible to transcribe many copies of the gene). • It is possible to copy more than one recipe -- for example, for a vegetable side dish & dessert, as well as the main dish -- in preparing a meal. Transcription

  12. Pg. 49 – “Protein Synthesis notes” Transcription • What does it mean to “transcribe” something? • The synthesis of mRNAfrom a DNA blueprint. • This occurs in the nucleus, then the mRNA travels out of the nucleus.

  13. Pg. 49 – “Protein Synthesis notes” Visualizing Transcription!

  14. Pg. 65 – DNA Coloring: Transcription & Translation • Get in to your lab groups & use colored pencils of the following colors: • Orange, dark green, purple, yellow, brown, dark blue, light blue & gray • Read through the information about “Transcription” & follow the directions to color-code the picture on back properly!!! 10 mins! Let's make RNA!

  15. Today in Biology… Week #9 (12/9-12/13) Warm Up– Tues, 12/10: - Review of Transcription (T & T wkst) • Have out: • Protein Synthesis notepage • DNA Coloring – T & T wkst • Protein Synthesis wkst Biology Fun Fact: Of the 22 amino acids, 8 are called “essential amino acids”. These cannot be synthesized by the human body; we get them from the food we eat. This is why a balanced diet is SO important! • Homework: • DNA Extraction Lab Applications Write-up – Thurs, 12/12 • DNA Replication & Protein Synthesis Test – Fri, 12/13 • Agenda: • Protein Synthesis notes: Translation • Coloring activity & PS wkst Unit Learning Goal: I will understand the workings of DNA & RNA Replication & Protein Synthesis.

  16. L? – DNA Extraction Applications Write-up Applications - What are the applications or uses of DNA Extraction? Identify & explain at least 2 uses for this lab. - Research a case (study or scenario) in which DNA was used. - MUSTinclude a “Works Cited” page (last page of report) to cite your source!!! -IF NO WORKS CITED, IT IS PLAGAIRISM = “0”!!! This APPLICATIONS WRITE-UP is DUE Tues, 12/12 & falls into the Assignment Category of LABS/LAB REPORTS which is worth 30% of your overall grade!!! DNA Extraction applications write-up DUE Thurs, 12/12

  17. Pg. 65 – DNA Coloring: Transcription & Translation • Using your notes on Transcription of mRNA & your color-coded wkst, answer questions #1, 2 & 6 at the bottom of the DNA Coloring: Transcription & Translation wkst. • On the Protein Synthesis wkst, read direction#2. • Complete questions #2, 5, 8, 12 & 22. Review of mRNA (Transcription) Now… let’s discuss!

  18. Pg. 49 – “Protein Synthesis notes” • Translation video (after 5:30) • In translation, the information contained the sequence of nucleotides is transformed into a sequence of amino acids (building blocks of proteins). • When you are just beginning to learn a foreign language & you need to translate a word or phrase from English, you need a dictionary. • Organisms carry around a dictionary that they use when translating RNA sequences into protein sequences. • This dictionary exists in the form of a series of molecules called tRNA's. Translation

  19. Pg. 49 – “Protein Synthesis notes” Translation • The information in the mRNA is translatedby a ribosome(made of rRNA), who “reads” it. • Transfer RNA (tRNA) enters the ribosome to drop off (“transfer”) an amino acid (building blocks of proteins). • A chain of amino acids (“polypeptide”) then exits the ribosome & folds into a protein.

  20. Pg. 49 – “Protein Synthesis notes” • CODON: 3 consecutive nucleotides in mRNA. • Each codon codes for a single amino acid • ANTICODON: 3 consecutive nucleotides in tRNAthat pair to a codon. How does the tRNA match up to the mRNA?

  21. Pg. 49 – “Protein Synthesis notes” How do you use (read) the Codon Table? Example: tRNA anticodon = UCA What is the 1st base? 2nd base? 3rd base? What amino acid did “UCA” anticodon code for? Codon table Amino Acids

  22. Pg. 49 – “Protein Synthesis notes” Per. 6 start, Fri How does tRNA know when to begin & end “translating” amino acids? • Start Codon: • Tells the tRNAto start translatingthe mRNA • AUG (mRNA) – methionine (Met) or start codon • Stop Codon: • Tells the tRNAto stop translatingthe mRNA • UAA, UAG or AGA (tRNA) – stop codons Translation

  23. Pg. 49 – “Protein Synthesis notes” Protein Synthesis

  24. Pg. 65 – DNA Coloring: Transcription & Translation • Get in to your lab groups & use colored pencils of the following colors: • Orange, dark green, purple, yellow, brown, light green & red • Read through the information about “Translation” & follow the directions to color-code the picture on back properly!!! 10 mins! Now let’s make tRNA! Does your picture look like this???

  25. Today in Biology… Week #9 (12/9-12/13) Warm Up– Thurs, 12/12: - Review of Translation (3, 4, 5, 7 & 8) • Turn in: • DNA Extraction Lab Applications Write-up • Have out: • DNA Coloring: T & T wkst • Protein Synthesis wkst • Pick up: • Codon Table Biology Fun Fact: Proteins are one of the important constituents of the red blood cells, hemoglobin (which comes from heme meaning iron & globin meaning proteins). About 97% of the dry content of RBCs is made of proteins. • Homework: • AIMS Review (Pg. 5 – Protein Synthesis) – Fri, 12/13 • DNA Replication & Protein Synthesis Test – Fri, 12/13 • Agenda: • Protein Synthesis notes: Making Proteins • What happens when T & T goes wrong • Practice Test: Protein Synthesis Quiz Unit Learning Goal: I will understand the workings of DNA & RNA Replication & Protein Synthesis.

  26. Pg. 49 – “Protein Synthesis notes” Glue your Codon Table in to Pg. 66. DNA Coloring: T & T: Now answer questions #3, 4, 5, 7 & 8 at the bottom. Codon table Amino Acids

  27. Pg. 66 – Protein Synthesis wkst & Codon Table • On the Protein Synthesis wkst, read direction#3. • Complete questions #3, 9, 13 & 23. • Let’s discuss correct answers! • Now, read direction#4. • Complete questions #4, 10, 14 & 24. • Let’s discuss correct answers! • Finally, read direction#5. • Complete questions #6 & 15-20. • Let’s discuss correct answers! Review of trna (translation)

  28. Pg. 49 – “Protein Synthesis notes” • Easy as 1,2,3,4 & 5! • A section of DNA opens • Free-floating nucleotides connect up to 1 side of the DNA making mRNA. (Transcription) • The mRNA travels out of the nucleus & into the cytoplasm. • A ribosome “reads” the mRNA & pairs the base pairs of mRNA with the base pairs of tRNA, which drop off amino acidsto make a chain. (Translation) • The chain of amino acids exits the ribosome & folds up = PROTEIN! SUMMARY OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

  29. Pg. 49 – “Protein Synthesis notes” • Proteins are made of 20 different amino acids. • The sequence of amino acids varies between each protein & tells it how to fold, giving the protein its shape. Proteins

  30. Pg. 46 – How DNA Determines Everything! Concept Map How DNA determines everything in our body? Replication DNA Transcription RNA Translation Protein

  31. Pg. 66 – Protein Synthesis wkst & Codon Table Let's Practice making Proteins!

  32. Pg. 66 – Protein Synthesis wkst & Codon Table DNA TACGCTTTACAGATT Make a protein…

  33. Pg. 66 – Protein Synthesis wkst & Codon Table From the DNA, determine your mRNA “recipe.” From the mRNA, determine your tRNA “recipe.” Finally, from the tRNA, use your Codon Table to determine the order of your polypeptide chain of amino acids (folded up = protein)! When finished, raise your hand for a SOC! DNA TACGCTTTACAGATT AUGCGAAAUGUCUAA mRNA CAG GCU AUU UAC UUA Val Arg STOP Met Asn FOLD tRNA PROTEIN!

  34. Pg. 50 – “Protein Synthesis notes” What if something goes wrong in coding? • MUTATION(an error in DNA) can occur with just a single base pair change. • Base Substitution: when a base pair is substituted/ replaced by a base pair in error. • If it occurs in a specific location, for instance, in the CFTR gene, it will cause cystic fibrosis. • Base Deletions & Insertions: when base pairs are deleted/removed or inserted/added from the gene

  35. Pg. 50 – “Protein Synthesis notes” What if something goes wrong in coding? • MUTATIONS OCCUR DURING DNA REPLICATION. • USUALLY THE ERROR IS EDITED OUT BY THE DNAPOLYMERASE(proof-reader or “spell check”) & FIXED BY THE REPAIR ENZYMES. • MUTAGENS - An environmental factor that damages DNA • Are most likely to blame for mutations (cancers) • EX: ultraviolet (UV) rays & chemicals in cigarette smoke

  36. PEOPLE WITH DEFECTIVE DNA REPAIR ENZYMES

  37. IN CLOSING • DNA contains the instructions for making an organism, including YOU!!!! • Your DNA determines how you look, what blood type you have, even your tendency to get some diseases. • Each chromosome contains a strand of DNA • Almost every cell in your body contains the same DNA & same genes.

  38. S8 – “DNA Replication Pre-Test” The End DNA Replication Pre-Test (& Study Guide) • Each pair needs to pick up a red, blue, yellow& greencolored pencil. • Re-read through each Unit Objective • If you are SUPER DUPER CONFIDENT & CAN APPLY/ EXPLAIN AN EXAMPLE for that objective, put a blue SMILEY FACE in that square. • If you are CONFIDENT that you know/can do that objective, put a green CHECK MARK in that square. • GO! ‘cause you KNOW! • If you HAVE HEARD OF/KIND OF KNOWthat objective, put a yellow STARin that square. • HAULT or WAIT…not sure! • If you HAVE NEVER HEARD OF/DO NOT KNOW that objective, put a red QUESTION MARK in that square. • STOP! I have no idea!

  39. Today in Biology… Week #9 (12/9-12/13) Warm Up– Fri, 12/13: - Bigfoot DNA News • Have out: • AIMS Packet (Pg. 5 for a SOC) Biology Fun Fact: When the body is deprived of glucose, it starts using the stored fats & proteins as energy source. Excess catabolism of proteins is harmful as it can weaken the immune system & break down tissues, such as muscle. • Homework: • Study for Final Exam – Tues, 12/17 (Per. 1, 3, 5) & Wed, 12/18 (Per. 2, 4, 6) • Agenda: • DNA Replication & Protein Synthesis Test • Grade/Attendance Report to determine whether you have to take FE or not Unit Learning Goal: I will understand the workings of DNA & RNA Replication & Protein Synthesis.

  40. T? – “DNA Replication & Protein Synthesis Test” You may use your AIMS Review packet as a resource while you test! NO TALKING! Read questions CAREFULLY! When finished, turn your test in to the Hmwk Bin & pick up your Final Exam GRADE & ATTENDANCE REPORT. DNA Replication & protein synthesis Test

  41. Protein Synthesis Activity Now it’s your turn to make proteins!

  42. HOW IS THE STUDY OF DNA BEING USED TODAY? • PHARMACUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY -Uses bacteria to produce medicines & enzymes for food production. -Chymosin (used to make cheese) -Insulin -Vaccines -Identifies new potential medicines

  43. AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY -Introduces new traits into plants to bring about a specific benefit. -growing plants with more nutrients -plants being more resistant to pests -grow more food on less land -grow more nutritious food

  44. TO HELP THE ENVIRNONMENT -fewer chemical applications -reduced killing of beneficial insects -less need to add fertilizers -reduced chemical runoff in lakes & streams. -decreased soil erosion

  45. INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY -Oil eating bacteria -Biodegradable plastic -Silk -Vitamins

  46. DNA FINGERPRINTING -No, not like an actual finger print. -It identifies you better than a fingerprint

  47. WHAT CELLS IN YOUR BODY DO NOT CONTAIN ALL OF YOUR DNA. QUESTION #3

  48. YOUR GAMETES (only have half) AND MATURE RED BLOOD CELLS (don’t have any). AND THE ANSWER IS…

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