Ch. 21 Fungi

1. Ch. 21 Fungi What did the Mr. Fungus say to the Ms. Algae, when he proposed? I lichen you!

2. Ch. 21 Outline • 21-1: The Kingdom Fungi • What are Fungi? • Structure and Function of Fungi • Reproduction in Fungi • How Fungi Spread • 21-2: Classification of Fungi • The Common Mold • The Sac fungi • The Club Fungi • The Imperfect Fungi

3. Ch. 21 Outline • 21-3: Ecology of Fungi • All Fungi are Heterotrophs • Fungi as Decomposers • Fungi as Parasites • Symbiotic Relationships

4. What are Fungi • Fungi used to be classified with plants, but they are actually very different than plants • Fungi are eukaryotic heterotrophs that have cell walls • Cell walls made up of chitin (Complex carbohydrate found in the exoskeleton of insects) • Fungi do not ingest their food, they break it down outside their bodies by secreting enzymes. Then they absorb it.

5. Structure and Function of Fungi • All fungi are multicellular except for yeasts • Hyphae: thin filaments that make up fungi. • Some hyphae have cross walls in them (cell walls with openings in them) • Hyphae have many nuclei in them

6. Nuclei Cell wall Cytoplasm Cross wall Nuclei Cytoplasm Cell wall Hyphae Hyphae With Cross Walls Hyphae Without Cross Walls

7. Structure and Function of Fungi • The bodies of multicellular fungi are composed of many hyphae tangles together into a thick mass called a mycelium. • This gives fungi a very large surface area to absorb nutrients. • Fruiting body: reproductive structure growing from the mycelium • Ex. The Part of the mushroom you see!

8. Fruiting Body and Mycelium Fruiting body Hyphae Mycelium

9. Reproduction in Fungi • Most fungi reproduce both asexually and sexually • Asexual  happens when a hypha breaks off and grows on its own or by the production of spores • Spores: reproductive cell that is capable of growing into new organisms by mitosis along • Sprorangia: the structure that produce spores • Sexual  two different fungi mate

10. How Fungi Spread • Fungal spores are found in almost every environment. • Ex. Mold grows everywhere it seems! • Many spores are light and dry  easily scattered by wind. • Others are dispersed by animals.

11. Classification of Fungi • There are over 100,000 species of fungi. They are classified based on their structure and method of reproduction. • Four main groups: • Zygomycota (common molds) • Ascomycota (sac fungi) • Basidiomycota (club fungi) • Deuteromycota (Inperfect fungi)

12. Deuteromycota Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota Concept Map Section 21-2 Fungi are divided into the phyla includes includes includes includes Common molds Sac fungi Club fungi Imperfect fungi

13. The Common Molds • Zygomycetes are the molds you see on cheese, breads, and meat. They are characterized by the zygospore in their life cycle. • Zygospore: resting spore that contains zygotes formed during the sexual phase of the life cycle. • Rhizoid: root-like structure that anchors the fungi

14. Zygospore (2N) Sporangium Gametangia Spores (N) Sporangium Zygospore (2N) + Mating type (N) Stolons Spores (N) - Mating type (N) Sporangiophore Rhizoids Black Bread Mold FERTILIZATION MEIOSIS Sexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction Diploid Haploid

15. The Sac Fungi • The phylum Ascomycota is named for the ascus, a reproductive structure that contains spores. • Ascospores: the spores produced in an ascus. • Yeasts are an example of Sac Fungi. • Uses of yeast: baking breads and brewing alcohol

16. Fruiting body (N + N) Hyphae (N + N) Ascus (N + N) Zygote (2N) Hyphae (N) Asci Gametangia + Mating type (N) - Mating type (N) Ascus Conidia (N) 8 Ascospores (N) Hypha (N) Conidiophore Hypha (N) Ascomycota Diploid Haploid FERTILIZATION HYPHAE FUSE MEIOSIS Sexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction

17. Ascomycota

18. The Club Fungi • The Phylum Basidiomycota gets its name from a specialized reproductive structure that resembles a club. • Basidium: the spore-bearing structure • Example of club fungi: Mushrooms

19. Fruiting body (N + N) Gills lined with basidia Gills Cap Stalk Button Base Basidia (N + N) Secondary mycelium (N + N) Primary mycelium (N) Zygote (2N) - Mating type (N) + Mating type (N) Basidiospores (N) Basidiomycota FERTILIZATION HYPHAE FUSE Haploid Diploid MEIOSIS

20. The Imperfect Fungi • Deuteromycota is an extremely varied phylum. It is composed of those fungi that are not placed in the other phyla because researches have never been able to observe a sexual phase in their life cycle. • Example: Penicillin notatum • (The Source of Penicillin)

21. All Fungi are Heterotrophs • Many Fungi are sapropobes: obtain their food from decaying organic matter. • Others are parasites or symbiotes (live in beneficial relationships with another organism).

22. Fungi as Decomposer • Fungi play an important role in ecosystems because they break down an recycle nutrients. • They secrete enzymes outside of their hyphae and then absorb nutrients.

23. Fungi as parasites • Parasitic fungi cause serious plant and animal diseases • Ex. Athlete’s Foot

24. Symbiotic Relationships • Some fungi form symbiotic relationships in which both partners benefit. These are often essential to the ecosystem. • Lichens: association between a fungi and green algae or cyanobacteria. • The algae/cyanobacteria provide the fungus with food (since they are photosynthetic) • The fungus provides a large surface area to collect water and minerals • Lichens can exist in extreme environments (drought, cold) and are many times the first to inhabit in an area.

25. Lichens

26. Symbiotic Relationships • Mycorrhizae: The association of plant roots and fungi • Plants provide the food (photosynthesis) • Fungi increases the surface area for absorption • About 80% of plants are in this type of relationship • This association is essential for many plants to survive and reproduce

27. Mycorrhizae