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The Enlightenment (1600-1750)

The Enlightenment (1600-1750). The Enlightenment. Individualism Relativism R ationalism. Challenges to European society. Scientific Revolution W eakening of adherence to traditional religious authority ( Baruch Spinoza) W eakening of belief in the justness of absolute monarchical rule.

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The Enlightenment (1600-1750)

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  1. The Enlightenment(1600-1750)

  2. The Enlightenment • Individualism • Relativism • Rationalism

  3. Challenges to European society • Scientific Revolution • Weakening of adherence to traditional religious authority (Baruch Spinoza) • Weakening of belief in the justness of absolute monarchical rule

  4. Goal To understand the natural world and humankind's place in it solely on the basis of reason and without turning to religious belief

  5. Fundamental Concepts faith in nature belief in human progress

  6. Apply scientific methods to the study of human society

  7. Basic principles about human affairs Human beings are naturally good Humans can be educated to be better Reason was the key to truth

  8. Main Currents of Enlightenment Thought

  9. Hugo Grotius(1583 – 1645) Natural law Natural duties Natural rights Just War (De Jure Belli ac Pacis, 1625)

  10. Thomas Hobbes(1588 – 1679) Leviathan (1651) religion useful as propaganda human life "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short"

  11. John Locke(1632-1704) Second Treatise on Government (1680) Divine Right theory of Kingship power to govern was obtained from the permission of the people natural rights: life, liberty and property Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) tabula rasa

  12. Adam Smith(1723 – 1790) Wealth of Nations (1776) self-interest the division of labor the function of markets laissez-faire economy “invisible hand”

  13. Voltaire(1694 – 1778) Deism Candide(1759)

  14. Montesquieu(1689 – 1755) De L'Esprit Des Lois (On the Spirit of Laws) (1748) checks & balances

  15. Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712 – 1778) Romanticism emotional side of human beings virtues of nature perfectibility of nature existence of the state that made men human The Social Contract (1762) General Will

  16. CesareBeccaria(1738 – 1794) On Crimes and Punishments (1764) heighten happiness and power while at the same time reducing misery and weakness prevent crimes than to punish them laws, not punishments, should be feared nature of the evidence presented should determine whether imprisonment is a reasonable punishment punishment should befit the crime

  17. The Enlightenment & Revolution

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