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The Enlightenment (1600-1750)

The Enlightenment (1600-1750). Goal. To understand the natural world and humankind's place in it solely on the basis of reason and without turning to religious belief . Fundamental Concepts. faith in nature belief in human progress. Apply scientific methods to the study of human society.

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The Enlightenment (1600-1750)

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  1. The Enlightenment(1600-1750)

  2. Goal To understand the natural world and humankind's place in it solely on the basis of reason and without turning to religious belief

  3. Fundamental Concepts faith in nature belief in human progress

  4. Apply scientific methods to the study of human society

  5. Basic principles about human affairs Human beings are naturally good Humans can be educated to be better Reason was the key to truth

  6. Main Currents of Enlightenment Thought

  7. Hugo Grotius(1583 – 1645) Natural law Natural duties Natural rights Just War (De Jure Belli ac Pacis, 1625)

  8. Benjamin Franklin(1706-1790) • Pennsylvania • Printer/Scientist/ Diplomat • Poor Richard’s Almanac • “Well done is better than well said”

  9. Thomas Hobbes(1588 – 1679) Leviathan (1651) religion useful as propaganda human life "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short"

  10. Thomas Jefferson(1743-1826) • Virginia • Planter/Politician/ President • Declaration of Independence • Religious Freedom

  11. John Locke(1632-1704) Second Treatise on Government (1680) Divine Right theory of Kingship power to govern was obtained from the permission of the people natural rights: life, liberty and property Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) tabula rasa

  12. James Madison(1751-1836) • Virginia • Planter/Statesman/Political Theorist • “Father of the United States Constitution” • The United States Bill of Rights

  13. Adam Smith(1723 – 1790) Wealth of Nations (1776) self-interest the division of labor the function of markets laissez-faire economy “invisible hand”

  14. John Adams(1735-1826) • Massachusetts • Lawyer/Statesman/ President • “Thoughts on Government” • Virtuous Citizens and a Well-Designed Government

  15. Voltaire(1694 – 1778) Deism Candide(1759)

  16. Thomas Paine(1737-1809) • England? • Corset maker/Political Writer • Common Sense • Divine right? • “Without the pen of the author of Common Sense, the sword of Washington would have been raised in vain”

  17. Montesquieu(1689 – 1755) De L'Esprit Des Lois (On the Spirit of Laws) (1748) checks & balances

  18. CesareBeccaria(1738 – 1794) On Crimes and Punishments (1764) heighten happiness and power while at the same time reducing misery and weakness prevent crimes than to punish them laws, not punishments, should be feared nature of the evidence presented should determine whether imprisonment is a reasonable punishment punishment should befit the crime

  19. The Enlightenment & Revolution

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