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Understanding Tissues: Types and Functions in Human Body

Learn about epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues, their functions, types, and roles in body repair. Discover how tissues regenerate and the importance of tissue repair for overall health.

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Understanding Tissues: Types and Functions in Human Body

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  1. TISSUES • A group of cells similar in structure & function Function • provide for a division of labor among body cells (covering, support, movement, and control)

  2. Epithelial Tissue A. Locations 1. covering body surfaces 2. lining body cavities, hollow organs, and ducts 3. forming glands B. Functions 1. protection 2. absorption and filtration 3. secretion

  3. C. Characteristics 1. closely fitting (desmosomes and tight junctions) 2. one free surface – apical surface 3. lower surface attached to basement membrane 4. avascular 5. regenerate easily

  4. D. Types 1. Simple Epithelia (absorption, secretion, & filtration) a. Simple Squamous (air sacs of lungs and capillaries) - single cell layer resting on basement membrane - forms membranes (serous - lines ventral body cavity & covers ventral cavity organs that don’t have opening to outside)

  5. b. Simple Cuboidal - single layer resting on basement membrane - salivary glands, pancreas, walls of kidney tubules, and surface of organs

  6. c. Simple Columnar - single layer of tall cells (Goblet cells – mucous) - digestive tract - mucous membranes (mucosae)

  7. d. Pseudostratified Columnar (secretion/absorption) - single layer on basement membrane – some tall, some short - lines respiratory tract (ciliated) - also contains Goblet cells

  8. 2. Stratified Epithelia (protection) a. Stratified Squamous - most common - several layers (squamous to cuboidal/columnar) - esophagus, mouth, outer portion of skin (“wear & tear”)

  9. b. Stratified Cuboidal/Columnar - cuboidal usually just two layers; columnar surface cells are columnar, deeper cells vary in size and shape - found mainly in the ducts of large glands

  10. c. Transitional - modified stratified squamous cells - stretch (urinary bladder, ureters, and urethra)

  11. 3. Glandular Epithelium a. Endocrine Glands (ductless) - hormones diffuse directly into the blood - thyroid, adrenals, & pituitary b. Exocrine Glands (ducts) - sweat, oil, liver, and pancreas - secrete both externally and internally

  12. II. Connective Tissue (most abundant tissue type) A. Functions 1. protection 2. support 3. binding of other body tissues B. Characteristics 1. vascularized (exceptions: tendons & ligaments) 2. cartilage is avascular 3. contain nonliving substances called extracellular matrix a. secreted by connective tissue cells b. allows for weight bearing, stretching, and abrasion c. collagen (white), elastic (yellow), and reticular

  13. C. Types 1. Bone (osseous) - bone cells in lacunae (cavities) - protection & support

  14. 2. Hyaline Cartilage - rubbery and smooth - support structures of larynx, attaches ribs to breast bone, covers bones at joints - most abundant type of cartilage

  15. Other Cartilage…. • Fibrocartilage - found in intervetebral discs and pubic symphysis • Elastic Cartilage -found in outer ear, epiglottis, trachea

  16. 3. Dense Fibrous Tissue - collagen fibers and fibroblasts (fiber- forming cells) - tendons – muscle to bone, ligaments – bone to bone at joints, and dermis – lower layers of skin

  17. 4. Areolar Tissue (loose fibrous) – tissue fluid - widely distributed connective tissue - protects, cushions, and holds internal organs together like glue - edema – soaks up excess fluid from inflammation and swells

  18. 5. Adipose Tissue (fat) - areolar tissue with many fat cells - subcutaneous (protects and insulates) - supplies energy

  19. 6. Reticular Connective Tissue - reticular fibers with reticular cells - forms stroma (bed or mattress) of lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow

  20. 7. Blood (vascular tissue) - blood cells, plasma, and protein molecules - transport tissue

  21. Muscular Tissue – responsible for movement A. Skeletal (striated) – voluntary movement

  22. B. Cardiac (heart) – striated, involuntary control

  23. C. Smooth (visceral) – walls of hollow organs, peristalsis

  24. IV. Nervous Tissue (neuron) – initiates and transmits nerve impulses that coordinate body activities

  25. Tissue Repair - depends on type of tissue and severity of injury - incisions heal better than lacerations - epithelial, fibrous connective (tendons, ligaments, dermis) and bone heal easily - skeletal muscle heals poorly - cardiac muscle and nervous tissue of the brain and spinal cord heal only with scar tissue A. regeneration – replacement by same kind of cells B. fibrosis – formation of scar tissue (lacks flexibility)

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