Feed Formulation and Manufacturing Lab

1. Feed Formulation and Manufacturing Lab An S 225 Spring 2014 Slides by Cassie Jones, Emily Weber, and Trey Kellner

2. Laboratory Outline • Feeding Program • Manufacturing • Grinding • Batching/Mixing • Pelleting • Lab stations • Diet formulation • Diet manufacturing

3. Importance of Feed Formulation • Feeding Program • A series of diets that meet the nutrient needs of the pigs to meet specific performance objectives • Generates predictable outcomes • Feed input costs • feed intake and growth • Carcass revenue • Weight and grid characteristics • Net income

4. Feed Formulation • Which factors should be considered on which ingredients to include in a feeding program? • Nutrient profile • Cost • Availability • Variability • Palatability • Feed manufacturing and storage issues • Effects on carcass characteristics (revenue)

5. Feed Formulation • Achieved by using a matrix of ingredients and their corresponding nutrient profiles • Software systems such as NSNG, CargillMaxx, Brill • Precision and accuracy of the matrix and performance measures of the pigs will determine how predictable the feeding program’s outcome will be

6. Importance of Feed Manufacturing • Feed represents 65-70% of total production costs • Quality feed manufacturing allows for maximal profit • Poor feed manufacturing can result in major economic and production losses and even JAIL TIME!

7. Grinding • Why do we grind corn? • Increase surface area to improve digestibility • Improve mixing capabilities • Allow for pelleting • Variables in grain • Moisture concentration • Fiber content Image courtesy of uky.edu

8. Grinding • Hammer mills • Grinds grain by impact with hammers moving at 22,000 ft/min • Varying screen designs • Possible air assist Image courtesy of feedmachinery.com

9. Grinding • Roller mills • Grinds grain by compression (roll at same speed) or shear (roll at different speeds) between rollers moving in opposite directions • Variables • Number of pairs of rolls • Differential (speed) • Corrugations/diameter/pitch Image courtesy of feedmachinery.com

10. Question Why is it important to monitor grain particle size?

11. Answer • Particle size analysis • Smaller particle size = • Improved digestibility • 1.3% improvement in FE for every 100 μm reduction in corn particle size • Increased feed bridging • Increased incidence of gastric ulcers • Ideal particle size is 600 microns or less • Particle size should be analyzed in the mill every time grain is ground, and samples should be sent to a commercial laboratory once/month.

12. Mixing • Proper mixing equipment and procedures are vital to produce high quality pig feed. • Mixer designs • Vertical mixers • Screw • Horizontal mixers • Ribbon • Paddle Image courtesy of prestagefarms.com

13. Vertical Screw Mixers Images courtesy of feedmachinery.com and NebGuide

14. Horizontal Mixers Horizontal Ribbon Mixer Horizontal Paddle Mixer Images courtesy of feedmachinery.com and hcdavis.com

15. Batching • Batching is the order in which we add ingredients to the mixer • Allows for incorporation of all ingredients into the diet and prevents fat balls • Batch order • Cereal grains & DDGS • Fat (if applicable) • Premix (micro ingredients like limestone, vitamins, monocal) • SBM

16. Pelleting • Why pellet feed? • Improved growth performance • Average 6-7% improvement in ADG and FE • Decrease ingredient segregation • Improved flowability/handling • Considerations • Ingredient particle size • Pellet size • Pellet quality

17. Pelleting Images courtesy of FAO and ag.sfasu.edu

18. For the rest of lab • Formulation • National Swine Nutrition Guide • Manufacturing • Particle size analysis • Diet mixing