Bell Ringer – 11/14/2013 m.socrative.com - Room #38178

1. Bell Ringer – 11/14/2013m.socrative.com - Room #38178 Sorry I don’t have your binder grades yet. Infinite Campus was down last night so I haven’t had a chance to enter them. I will get them into the gradebook tonight and pass them back tomorrow when you’re working on your projects. • QUESTION: • 1. What are the 3 main parts of sonata form? • 2. What do we call an extended composition, lasting 20-45 minutes, that explores a wide range of tone colors and dynamics? USE YOUR DEVICES IF YOU HAVE ONE – its so much quicker to grade when you submit them electronically!!!

2. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 1756-1791

3. Classical Symphony - Composers • Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791) • Wrote over 600 works, 41 were symphonies • His last 6 are most complex and rich in orchestration • Played the keyboard and violin • Composed from the age of 5 • He would play, his father would write the piece down • Austrian • K1-5: Example

4. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart • Performed at the court of Empress Maria Theresa at age 6 • At the age of 17 he was a court musician in Salzburg performing for Austrian royalty • Aristocratic patronage was essential for musicians to earn a living, although the middle classes provided a progressively larger portion of commissions, pupil fees, and concert attendance • He moved to Vienna in the late 1700s and achieved fame but struggled financially • His best works were composed in Vienna

5. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart • Mozart’s short career (died at 35 of illness) was dogged by financial insecurity • Constantly broke and struggling to pay bills • How he died is part of a mystery we’ll talk about next week… was it a fever? Did he work himself to death? Did his rival composer Salieri murder him? (The movie is about his life and the mystery of his death.)

6. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart • Early symphonies were simple and relatively short while later works were longer and more complex • His last 3 symphonies are generally regarded as among his greatest masterpieces • The “typical” classical symphony: Symphony No. 40 in G minor • This work, along with 39 and 41, has clear order and restraint, yet they exhibit a tremendous emotional urgency

7. Symphony No. 40 • 1 of only 2 symphonies Mozart wrote in a MINOR key • 25 is also in G Minor • Was written in just a few weeks in 1788 (he completed Symphonies 39 and 41 in the same few weeks.) • June-August 1788 • Mozart never got it hear it performed • There is proof that he BRIEFLY heard it • The performance was so bad that he left the room before it was finished

8. Symphony No. 40 • Scored for 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons, 2 horns, and full string section • No trumpets or percussion • 4 Movements • Fast, Slow, Minuet (3/4 dance), Fast • Every movement (but the minuet & trio) is in sonata form

9. Symphony No. 40 • Four Movements Mozart’s Symphony No. 40 • 1st Movement in Sonata Form • The violins state the first theme above a soft homophonic accompaniment • Restless rhythms accentuated by the liveliness of the lower strings • Second theme in woodwinds and strings (contrasts the first) • The exposition is completely repeated (AABA) – 2:01 • Development section takes the beginning 3-note motif and explores several possibilities • Brief Development Section – 3:55 • Recapitulation restates the first and second themes – 5:05

10. Symphony No. 40 • “A work of passion, violence, and grief.” • One of his most admired works • Beethoven knew it well • Copied 29 bars of it into one of his sketchbooks • The first theme comes from his 21st piano concerto • Written 3 years before the symphony • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i2uYb6bMKyI (4 minutes)

11. Eine Kleine Nachtmusik • Written for strings only (not a full orchestra) • No winds, brass, or percussion of any kind • Written in 1787, published in 1827 • Long after Mozart’s death • Was sold to a publisher in 1799 (with several other of his compositions) by his wife to make money • “A little night music”

12. Eine Kleine Nachtmusik • Written in 4 Movements • I. Allegro (the one you need to know) • II. Romanze: Andante • III. Minuetto: Allegretto • IV. Rondo: Allegro • The first movement is in sonata form • Development: 3:15 • Recap: 3:50

13. The Turkish March • Part of Mozart’s Piano Sonata No. 11 • The Fourth Movement – “Rondo” • The whole sonata is about 20 minutes in length • One of Mozart’s most famous piano pieces • Imitates the sound of Turkish bands • The Turkish March • ABACA form - RONDO

14. The Marriage of Figaro • Le nozze di Figaro, ossia la folle giornata • The Marriage of Figaro, or the Day of Madness • A Comic Opera • We’ll look at the story and actually watch part of it when we study theater • Figaro first premiered in May 1786 • Mozart himself conducted the first two performances • It had 9 total performances

15. The Marriage of Figaro • The applause of the audience the first night resulted in 5 encores • There were 7 the second night • It is currently number 6 on the current Operabase list of the most performed operas worldwide

16. The Marriage of Figaro • The overture music is not anywhere else in the opera (with the exception of one short melody in one short song) • Usually overtures are composed of music from the opera – like a medley of all the best tunes • The Marriage of Figaro Overture • This is the opening piece

17. The Mozart Effect Have you heard of “The Mozart Effect?”

18. The Mozart Effect • “Listening to Mozart makes you smarter” • The idea that early childhood exposure to classical music has a beneficial effect on mental development • Started with research that suggested that listening to Mozart temporarily boosted scores on one portion of the IQ test.

19. The Mozart Effect • Rauscher, Shaw, and Ky (1993) investigated the effect of listening to music by Mozart on spatial reasoning • They gave research participants 3 different tests – one while listening to a sonata by Mozart, one while listening to relaxation music, and one with silence. • Spatial reasoning was enhanced while listening to Mozart

20. The Mozart Effect • Rauscher, Shaw, and Ky argue that their work was misinterpreted. • Didn’t prove that classical music makes you smarter, just proved that parts of the brain respond to specific frequencies • A follow up study proved that it was only temporary – no student had effects extending beyond 15 minutes

21. The Mozart Effect • In 1997, another study was done where 3 and 4 year olds were given 8 months of private piano lessons. • They scored 34% higher on tests than those who received computer lessons, singing lessons, and no training • In 1997, Don Campbell argued that playing selected classical music to infants would benefit their mental development. • This has been explored in studies with no definitive results

22. The Mozart Effect • Campbell wrote a follow-up book and sold products specifically aimed at exposing young students to classical music in an effort to improve their brain function • He represents the general use of music to reduce stress, depression, anxiety; induce relaxation and sleep; activate the body; and improve memory or awareness.

23. The Mozart Effect • Any later study with positive effects have been associated with music giving people positive emotions • Some studies suggest no IQ or spatial ability increase in children • Others suggest IQ and spatial reasoning can increase with high energy music that students enjoy.

24. The Mozart Effect • In 1999, two parallel studies were done to prove or disprove the Mozart Effect • They proved that any cognitive enhancement was small and did not reflect a change in IQ • The improvement comes from enjoyment stimulating the brain • They tested with Mozart and readings of Stephen King – people that enjoyed what they were exposed to performed better • They used the piece in the original study, and subjects didn’t do as well when the tempo was slower and the chords were minor (instead of major)

25. Other Research • Regardless, national arts education associations argue that participation in the arts will grant students success in society, school, intelligence, and life. • As we go through these – feel free to bring up questions! Let’s have a discussion! • My biggest question: do these things happen because students are exposed to the arts OR are these simply the students that choose to be exposed to the arts?

26. Other Research • Society: music, drawing, and painting will give students an edge just as surely as math and science will • The ability to think critically, and to approach international problems as “citizens of the world.” • When people play, perform, or dance together, they lean to cooperate as well as express themselves • Students in band or orchestra reported the LOWEST lifetime and current use of substances (alcohol, tobacco, drugs)

27. Other Research • School – • Schools with music programs have significantly higher graduation rates than those without (90.2% as compared to 72.9% ) • Schools with music programs have significantly higher attendance rates (93.3% compared to 84.9%) • Students in good music programs scored 17% higher in math than children in schools without a music program • Students with low quality music programs scored higher in English and Math than students with no music at all • Students with experience in music performance scored 57 points higher on the verbal part and 43 points higher on the math portion of the SAT (2007) • Students in music appreciation courses were 62 points higher on the verbal and 41 points higher on the math portion than students with no music at all

28. Other Research • Intelligence – • Students with musical training recalled more words in verbal memory than those untrained • Mastering a musical instrument improves the way the human brain processes parts of spoken language • Easier to detect small differences in words/syllables • Musicians have more focused brain activity • Young children who take music lessons have improved memory

29. Other Research • Life – • The creative skills children develop through the arts carry them towards new ideas, new experiences, and new challenges • Music has the power to bring people together • Music is the only universal language – the symbols mean the same thing no matter where you go • Its part of being human

30. Listening Recognition Practice On the Quiz and Test you’ll need to recognize certain famous pieces of music – let’s practice!

31. Listening Recognition Practice • On your paper is a list of pieces you’ve heard so far in this unit. • We’ve added the Turkish March and Marriage of Figaro • For today, simply write the number next to what you think is being played. • We won’t go over them until they’ve ALL been played. Practice and see what you know! • Practice Online: http://nohsbands.weebly.com • Hover over “Arts and Humanities” and click “Classical Period”

32. Amadeus • We’ll start this movie Wednesday after the quiz and watch it the rest of the week. • Here’s a little sneak preview