River Basin Management and Restoration: An Ecosystem Perspective

1. 12th Annual Partnership for Peace Environmental Conference River Basin Management and Restoration: An Ecosystem Perspective Robert H. Kennedy European Research Office Engineer Research and Development Center U.S. Army Corps of Engineers London, United Kingdom

2. 12th Annual Partnership for Peace Environmental Conference Water Resources and Society Needs and Services • Food Production • Transport of Goods • Industrial Development • Quality of Life

3. 12th Annual Partnership for Peace Environmental Conference Water Resources and Society Changing Demands World population is increasing (estimated to peak at 7.3-10.7 x 109 by 2050) . 3,800 km3 freshwater withdrawal (twice the volume withdrawn 50 years ago). By 2025, 3.5 109 people will live in countries facing severe water shortage (6.5 times the current situation.

4. 12th Annual Partnership for Peace Environmental Conference Water Resources and Society Conflicting Demands Diversion of water from agricultural to industrial and municipal uses. Environmental or ecological ‘health’ balanced against human demand. Inequity leading to social conflict

5. 12th Annual Partnership for Peace Environmental Conference Sustainability The Inevitability of Development United Nations Commission on Environmental And Development (1987).Sustainable development means meeting “…the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs Basiago (1995).Sustainability is “…regarded as tantamount to a new philosophy, in which principles of futurity, equity, global environmentalism and biodiversity must guide decision making."

6. 12th Annual Partnership for Peace Environmental Conference Threats to Water Resources Based on Straškraba, 1996 Meybeck et al., 1989 Time / Space Sewage, Oxygen Balance 1950 1970 1990 2000+

7. Dissolved Oxygen Sag • Streeter-Phelps Equation • Waste Load Allocation 12th Annual Partnership for Peace Environmental Conference Threats to Water Resources

8. 12th Annual Partnership for Peace Environmental Conference Threats to Water Resources Time / Space Nutrients Eutrophication Sewage, Oxygen Balance 1950 1970 1990 2000+

9. Chlorophyll 12th Annual Partnership for Peace Environmental Conference Total Phosphorus Threats to Water Resources • Eutrophication • Importance of Nutrients (P) • Point source elimination • (U. S. Clean Water Act 1972)

10. The Importance of Nonpoint Sources Mississippi River Basin 12th Annual Partnership for Peace Environmental Conference Threats to Water Resources

11. Slightly Polluted Moderately Polluted Highly Polluted 12th Annual Partnership for Peace Environmental Conference Threats to Water Resources Watershed-Scale Considerations Danube River Basin

12. 12th Annual Partnership for Peace Environmental Conference Threats to Water Resources Acidification Organics and Metals Time / Space Nutrients Eutrophication Sewage, Oxygen Balance 1950 1970 1990 2000+

13. Acidification The importance of air-sheds to our understanding of water resource impacts Based on Hatier, 1993 (from UNEP/GRID-Arendal) 12th Annual Partnership for Peace Environmental Conference Threats to Water Resources

14. 12th Annual Partnership for Peace Environmental Conference Threats to Water Resources Contaminants • Diffuse nature • Long residence time • Treatment challenges

15. 12th Annual Partnership for Peace Environmental Conference Threats to Water Resources Global Climate Change Acidification Organics and Metals Time / Space Nutrients Eutrophication Sewage, Oxygen Balance 1950 1970 1990 2000+

16. 12th Annual Partnership for Peace Environmental Conference Threats to Water Resources Precipitation Scenarios for the United Kingdom for 2080 Predictions based the the application of nine climate change models (Hulme et al. 2002) …there will be change. Deviations Relative to 1961-1990

17. CPOM/FPOM Biotic Diversity Channel Width P/R>1 P/R<1 P/R<1 12th Annual Partnership for Peace Environmental Conference Evolving Concepts The River Continuum (Vannote et al., 1980)

18. Dams 12th Annual Partnership for Peace Environmental Conference Evolving Concepts Serial Discontinuity (Ward and Stanford 1998, 2001)

19. Surface Water Control by slopes and surface permeability Ground Water Control by hydraulic conductivity of the geologic formations Atmospheric-Water Exchange Control by climate 12th Annual Partnership for Peace Environmental Conference Evolving Concepts Hydrologic Landscape (Winter et al., 1998)

20. 12th Annual Partnership for Peace Environmental Conference Ecosystem Perspective Water Resources as Integral Features of Complex Landscapes….with Competing Demands for their Use

21. 12th Annual Partnership for Peace Environmental Conference Ecosystem Sustainability Based on Jensen and Everett, 1994 Ecology Sustainable Ecosystem Management Society (Desires & Needs) Economy & Technology

22. Sustainability Imposed Stress 12th Annual Partnership for Peace Environmental Conference Evolving Concepts The Challenge of Sustainability

23. Assessment • Reference Condition (setting goals) • Pristine or minimally impacted • Conserving key system features (time and space) • Constraints (policy and planning) • Linking cause and effect Adaptation and Reassessment 12th Annual Partnership for Peace Environmental Conference Evolving Concepts Management and Restoration

24. 12th Annual Partnership for Peace Environmental Conference Summary Themes • Dependence on scarce water resources • Threats to their quality and persistence • Adopting an ecosystem perspective • Developing concepts • The challenge of sustainability

25. 12th Annual Partnership for Peace Environmental Conference Session: River Basin and Delta Conservation and Restoration Focus • Danube River and Delta • Rhine River • Mississippi River and Delta • Chesapeake Bay