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University of Manchester. University of Oxford. 2-PAD Hardware: From Antenna to Beamformer. Adam Baird Hamid Dabiri Khah Kris Zarb-Adami Mark Jones Mike Jones Paul Grimes Peter Hastings Rik Elliot Richard Armstrong Sascha Schediwy. Aziz Ahmedsaid
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University of Manchester University of Oxford 2-PAD Hardware: From Antenna to Beamformer • Adam Baird • Hamid Dabiri Khah • Kris Zarb-Adami • Mark Jones • Mike Jones • Paul Grimes • Peter Hastings • Rik Elliot • Richard Armstrong • Sascha Schediwy • Aziz Ahmedsaid • Chris Shenton • Georgina Harris • Richard Morrow • Richard Whitaker • Tim Ikin • Tony Brown
High Gain Antenna • Cost = £ 350 (mostly metal) • For 2 polarisations • 3-dB Beamwidth ≈ ±18o • Gain ≈ 12.5 dBi
Differential Low Noise Amp • Power = 100 mW • Cost = £ 2 per polarisation • Noise Figure ≈ 0.8 ± 0.1 dB (60K) • S21 ≈ 18 ± 2 dB • S11 ≈ -15 ± 2 dB
Analogue Cable Driver • Power = 1W per polarisation • Cost = £ 10 per polarisation • Gain = 54 dB • Gain flatness ≈ 0.5 dB
Cable and Balun Board • Cable Cost = £ 10 per polarisation • Quad channel fan-out • Passive components only
Signal Conditioning Module • Cost = £ 500 per polarisation • Power ≈ 1W per polarisation • High and Low, anti-aliasing channels • ADC differential driver • Logic controlled from FPGA
Data Acquisition Board • Cost = £1000 per polarisation • Power = 1.5 W per polarisation • ADC ≈ 0.5 W per polarisation • FPGA ≈ 1.0 W for channelisation
Processing Technology • Berkeley Hardware Benchmarking system • 2 x Dual-channel ADCs • 1 x Virtex-2 FPGA $775 per polarisation 2.5 W per polarisation • Fine-grained Power Management
Summary • Total Cost per polarisation ≈ £ 1700 • Total Power per polarisation ≈ 5 W • Total Cost for 2-PAD ≈ £ 220,000 (280,000 €) • Total Power for 2-PAD ≈ 640 W • Total Cost per polarisation ≈ £ 1200 • Total Power per polarisation ≈ 5 W • Total Cost for 2-PAD ≈ £ 155,000 (200,000 €) • Total Power for 2-PAD ≈ 640 W • Analogue Power should be a serious concern for the future as this does NOT scale with technology SKADS-UK CASPER
Power per polarisation is decreased by 1W over the latest FPGA New techniques which do not require the large NRE associated with new semiconductor processes Short turn-around time and design based on standard FPGA platforms No volume requirements e-ASIC technology