1. Rapid urbanization and resource-intensive economic growth have become large-scale biogeophysical forces on earth.

3. Week 1: Readings  Costanza, R., R. d'Arge, et al. (1997). "The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital." NATURE 387: 253-260. http://www.esd.ornl.gov/benefits_conference/nature_paper.pdf Naidoo, R., Balmford, A., Costanza, R., Fisher, B., Green, R. E., Lehner, B., Malcolm, T. R. and Ricketts, T. H. (2008) "Global mapping of ecosystem services and conservation priorities." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 9495-9500. Staff of World Resources Program (2001) Wasting the Material World: The Impact of Industrial Economies. Updated material from World Resources 1998-99; excerpts from Resource Flows: The Material Basis of Industrial Economies and The Weight of Nations: Material Outflows from Industrial Economies. World Resources Institute. http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/feature/ene_fea_materials_complete.pdf. United Nations Human Settlements Programme (2006). The State of the World's Cities 2006/2007: The Millennium Development Goals and Urban Sustainability, 30 Years of Shaping the Habitat Agenda. Sterling, Va., Earthscan. Overview; 1.1-1.2. Wackernagel, Mathis, Niels B. Schulz, Diana Deumling, Alejandro Callejas Linares, Martin Jenkins, Valerie Kapos, Chad Monfreda, Jonathan Loh, Norman Myers, Richard Norgaard and Jorgen Randers. 2002. "Tracking the ecological overshoot of the human economy." PNAS 99:9266-9271.

4. FOUR FEATURES OF GLOBALIZATION No matter what political perspective colors one's analysis, the past half-century of globalization can be viewed as having four fundamental features.

5. (1) Globalization is dynamic. Over the past 200 years, periods of rapid growth as well as periods of decline, crisis and restructuring across micro, meso and macro scales have characterized world development. (2) Globalization increases functional integration of the world economy, along with deepening international flows of people, culture, information, social and human capital. (3) Globalization is an uneven process. The costs and benefits of development are unequally distributed. (4) Globalization is an ecological process as well as a socio-economic and political process. As the world's growing economy draws more and more of the earths total ecosystem into itself, concern about the sustainability of planetary economic-ecological transactions is rising.

9. Emphasis on sustainability puts Environment-Development interdependencies in a new light. from D? E (1960�s-1980�s) to E ? D (1980�s-2000+)

10. EarthTrends: Featured Topic Wasting the Material World: The Impact of Industrial Economies Author(s): Staff of World Resources Program, Source: Updated material from World Resources 1998-99; excerpts from Resource Flows:The Material Basis of Industrial Economies and The Weight of Nations: Material Outflows from Industrial Economies. Date written: 1998, updated April 2001 EarthTrends: Featured Topic Wasting the Material World: The Impact of Industrial Economies Author(s): Staff of World Resources Program, Source: Updated material from World Resources 1998-99; excerpts from Resource Flows:The Material Basis of Industrial Economies and The Weight of Nations: Material Outflows from Industrial Economies. Date written: 1998, updated April 2001

13. http://www.sott.net/image/image/611/earth_impact.jpghttp://www.sott.net/image/image/611/earth_impact.jpg

15. 1. Think of the earth as an apple./ Slice an apple into quarters and set aside three of the quarters. These three pieces represent the oceans of the world. The fourth quarter roughly represents the globe's total land area.

16. 2. Slice this "land" in half. Set aside one of the pieces. The portion set aside represents the land area that is inhospitable to people (e.g., the polar areas, deserts, wetlands, very high or rocky mountains). The piece that is left is land where people live, but do not necessarily grow the foods needed for life.

17. 3. Slice the 1/8 piece into four sections and set aside three of these. The 3/32 fraction set aside represent those areas too rocky, wet, cold, steep, infertile to actually produce food. They also contain the cities, suburban sprawl, highways, shopping centers, schools, parks, factories, parking lots, and other places where people live, but don't grow food.4. Carefully peel the 1/32 slice of the apple. This tiny bit of peeling represents our arable land, the land upon which we depend for our food. Estimates suggest that we loose 25 billion tons of precious topsoil each year from erosion, yet we must feed an additional 71 million people each year on this diminishing resource. I do the "apple demonstration" to draw attention to the precious stock of arable land on our planet. The larger message is to draw attention to biophysical concerns about growth. We need to broaden the conception and theory-building agenda of "globalization and planning" to include an integrated focus on natural, manufactured, and human capital. Most attention focuses on economic restructuring and its socio-political ramifications. We need a more integrated mico-meso-maco perspective that draws into view the interdependencies linking natural capital (e.g., ecosystems, wetlands, biodiversity), manufactured capital (e.g., produced assets such as machines, buildings, infrastructure), and human capital (e.g., labor, social systems, networks, knowledge and learning capacities). This exercise is based on a handout circulated by the non-governmental organization called Zero Population Growth, 1400 16th St. N.W. Washington, D.C. 20036; the activity is copied here in modified version with permission from Zero Population Growth. A discussion of this demo is on-line at:http://www3.nsta.org/main/news/pdf/sc0202_26.pdf I do the "apple demonstration" to draw attention to the precious stock of arable land on our planet. The larger message is to draw attention to biophysical concerns about growth. We need to broaden the conception and theory-building agenda of "globalization and planning" to include an integrated focus on natural, manufactured, and human capital. Most attention focuses on economic restructuring and its socio-political ramifications. We need a more integrated mico-meso-maco perspective that draws into view the interdependencies linking natural capital (e.g., ecosystems, wetlands, biodiversity), manufactured capital (e.g., produced assets such as machines, buildings, infrastructure), and human capital (e.g., labor, social systems, networks, knowledge and learning capacities). This exercise is based on a handout circulated by the non-governmental organization called Zero Population Growth, 1400 16th St. N.W. Washington, D.C. 20036; the activity is copied here in modified version with permission from Zero Population Growth. A discussion of this demo is on-line at:http://www3.nsta.org/main/news/pdf/sc0202_26.pdf

18. WATER� - Water1/8 - Food-Producing Areas3/32 - Coastal Areas1/32 - N. American Pacific Coastline: world's most productive ocean region1/32 Peel - Photic Zone: top 100 meters, habitat of most marine lifeSliver of Peel - Freshwater: only .003% of all Earth's water (only 3/100 of 1% of all the earth water is fresh) 1. Return to the � of the original apple that represents ocean."Some of our food comes from the sea-fish provide about 16% of animal-protein consumed by humans, and a little over 5% of our total protein intake.(2) But despite its vastness and seeming uniformity, many regions of the ocean are unproductive due to a lack of life-supporting nutrients. Its capacity to produce food is therefore finite.2. Set aside 2/4. Cut the remaining � in half. Set 1/8 aside and hold out the other 1/8."This 1/8 represents the productive zones of the ocean along the equator and the western margins of continents. Currents cause upwelling which brings nutrients to the surface. These nutrients support large numbers of marine plants and animals.3. Slice the 1/8 lengthwise four equal pieces (4/32) and hold them all up."3/32 represent coastal areas around the world where fishermen earn their livelihoods. The last 1/32 represents the most productive area along the Pacific Coast of North America, historically one of the riches ocean regions in the world."4. Peel the skin from the last 1/32."This peel represent the photic zone, the top 100 meters (330 feet) of the ocean which light can penetrate, supporting photosynthesis. Since the marine food chain depends on photosynthesizing plants, especially phytoplankton and algae, almost all ocean life is concentrated in this narrow photic zone. 100 meters down, the amount of light is only 1% of what it is at the surface."(3)5. Cut a very small wedge from the apple skin. Hold it out."Fresh water is another precious and finite resource that is essential to all life on this planet, including human life. Although � of the Earth is covered by water, only a tiny portion of it is readily available for human use. It is what we drink, cook with, bathe in, and water crops with when rain doesn't provide enough moisture. Freshwater is supplied by groundwater, rivers, lakes, and streams. Although this sliver isn't exactly to scale, it represents the 3/100 of 1% of the Earth's water that is fresh." 1. Return to the � of the original apple that represents ocean."Some of our food comes from the sea-fish provide about 16% of animal-protein consumed by humans, and a little over 5% of our total protein intake.(2) But despite its vastness and seeming uniformity, many regions of the ocean are unproductive due to a lack of life-supporting nutrients. Its capacity to produce food is therefore finite.2. Set aside 2/4. Cut the remaining � in half. Set 1/8 aside and hold out the other 1/8."This 1/8 represents the productive zones of the ocean along the equator and the western margins of continents. Currents cause upwelling which brings nutrients to the surface. These nutrients support large numbers of marine plants and animals.3. Slice the 1/8 lengthwise four equal pieces (4/32) and hold them all up."3/32 represent coastal areas around the world where fishermen earn their livelihoods. The last 1/32 represents the most productive area along the Pacific Coast of North America, historically one of the riches ocean regions in the world."4. Peel the skin from the last 1/32."This peel represent the photic zone, the top 100 meters (330 feet) of the ocean which light can penetrate, supporting photosynthesis. Since the marine food chain depends on photosynthesizing plants, especially phytoplankton and algae, almost all ocean life is concentrated in this narrow photic zone. 100 meters down, the amount of light is only 1% of what it is at the surface."(3)5. Cut a very small wedge from the apple skin. Hold it out."Fresh water is another precious and finite resource that is essential to all life on this planet, including human life. Although � of the Earth is covered by water, only a tiny portion of it is readily available for human use. It is what we drink, cook with, bathe in, and water crops with when rain doesn't provide enough moisture. Freshwater is supplied by groundwater, rivers, lakes, and streams. Although this sliver isn't exactly to scale, it represents the 3/100 of 1% of the Earth's water that is fresh."

19. http://www.millenniumassessment.org/en/About.aspxhttp://www.millenniumassessment.org/en/About.aspx

21. The Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) is an ambitious, even audacious project to organize and make available via the Internet virtually all information about life present on Earth. At its heart lies a series of Web sites�one for each of the approximately 1.8 million known species�that provide the entry points to this vast array of knowledge. The entry-point for each site is a species page suitable for the general public, but with several linked pages aimed at more specialized users. The sites sparkle with text and images that are enticing to everyone, as well as providing deep links to specific data. � The EOL dynamically synthesizes biodiversity knowledge about all known species, including their taxonomy, geographic distribution, collections, genetics, evolutionary history, morphology, behavior, ecological relationships, and importance for human well being, and distribute this information through the Internet. It serves as a primary resource for a wide audience that includes scientists, natural resource managers, conservationists, teachers, and students around the world. We believe that the EOL's encompassing scope and innovation will have a major global impact in facilitating biodiversity research, conservation, and education. http://www.eol.org/pages/1045608 EOL will be a microscope in reverse, or �macroscope,� helping users to discern large-scale patterns. By aggregating for analysis information on Earth?s estimated 1.8 million known species, scientists say the EOL could, for example, help map vectors of human disease, reveal mysteries behind longevity, suggest substitute plant pollinators for a swelling list of places where honeybees no longer provide that service, and foster strategies to slow the spread of invasive species. http://www.eol.org/files/pdfs/press/EOL_Press_Release-Feb-27-2008.pdf The Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) is an ambitious, even audacious project to organize and make available via the Internet virtually all information about life present on Earth. At its heart lies a series of Web sites�one for each of the approximately 1.8 million known species�that provide the entry points to this vast array of knowledge. The entry-point for each site is a species page suitable for the general public, but with several linked pages aimed at more specialized users. The sites sparkle with text and images that are enticing to everyone, as well as providing deep links to specific data. � The EOL dynamically synthesizes biodiversity knowledge about all known species, including their taxonomy, geographic distribution, collections, genetics, evolutionary history, morphology, behavior, ecological relationships, and importance for human well being, and distribute this information through the Internet. It serves as a primary resource for a wide audience that includes scientists, natural resource managers, conservationists, teachers, and students around the world. We believe that the EOL's encompassing scope and innovation will have a major global impact in facilitating biodiversity research, conservation, and education. http://www.eol.org/pages/1045608 EOL will be a microscope in reverse, or �macroscope,� helping users to discern large-scale patterns. By aggregating for analysis information on Earth?s estimated 1.8 million known species, scientists say the EOL could, for example, help map vectors of human disease, reveal mysteries behind longevity, suggest substitute plant pollinators for a swelling list of places where honeybees no longer provide that service, and foster strategies to slow the spread of invasive species. http://www.eol.org/files/pdfs/press/EOL_Press_Release-Feb-27-2008.pdf

22. Costanza, R., R. d'Arge, et al. (1997). "The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital." NATURE 387: 253-260. http://www.esd.ornl.gov/benefits_conference/nature_paper.pdf Abstract:The services of ecological systems and the natural capital stocksthat produce them are critical to the functioning of the Earth�s life-support system. They contribute to human welfare, both directly and indirectly, and therefore represent part of the total economic value of the planet.We have estimated the current economic value of 17 ecosystem services for 16 biomes, based on published studies and a few original calculations. For the entire biosphere, the value (most of which is outside the market) is estimated to be in the range of US$16�54 trillion (1012) per year, with an average of US$33 trillion per year. Because of the nature of the uncertainties, thismust be considered a minimum estimate. Global gross national product total is around US$18 trillion per year. Costanza, et al. (1997) argue that "The services of ecological systems and the natural capital stocks that produce them are critical to the funcitoning of the Earth's life-support system." (p. 253). Explain what they mean by this, and cite some of the evidence they provide. According to Costanza, et al.'s calculations, how does the value of the world's global gross national product compare to the value of the ecosytem services they examined? Be able to define these key terms:natural capital, ecosystem services. Costanza, R., R. d'Arge, et al. (1997). "The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital." NATURE 387: 253-260. http://www.esd.ornl.gov/benefits_conference/nature_paper.pdf Abstract:The services of ecological systems and the natural capital stocksthat produce them are critical to the functioning of the Earth�s life-support system. They contribute to human welfare, both directly and indirectly, and therefore represent part of the total economic value of the planet.We have estimated the current economic value of 17 ecosystem services for 16 biomes, based on published studies and a few original calculations. For the entire biosphere, the value (most of which is outside the market) is estimated to be in the range of US$16�54 trillion (1012) per year, with an average of US$33 trillion per year. Because of the nature of the uncertainties, thismust be considered a minimum estimate. Global gross national product total is around US$18 trillion per year. Costanza, et al. (1997) argue that "The services of ecological systems and the natural capital stocks that produce them are critical to the funcitoning of the Earth's life-support system." (p. 253). Explain what they mean by this, and cite some of the evidence they provide. According to Costanza, et al.'s calculations, how does the value of the world's global gross national product compare to the value of the ecosytem services they examined? Be able to define these key terms:natural capital, ecosystem services.

26. United Nations Human Settlements Programme (2006). The State of the World's Cities 2006/2007: The Millennium Development Goals and Urban Sustainability, 30 Years of Shaping the Habitat Agenda. Sterling, Va., Earthscan. Foreword, Introduction, Overview; 1.1-1.2. Foreword (1-foreword.pdf)Introduction (2-introduction.pdf) 1.1. "City-zens" of the World: Urban Trends in the 21st Century1.2. Putting Slums on the Map:" A Global and Regional Overview Urbanization: A Turning Point in History, 3-urban_turning point.pdfMega and Meta Cities, New City States? 4-urban_megacities.pdfSlums: Some Definitions, 7-slums-definitions.pdfSlums: Past, Present and Future, 6-Slums_past.pdf Link to UN Millennium Development Goals : http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/ The Millennium Declaration was adopted by Member States of the United Nations in September 2000. It contains eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), ranging from eradicating extreme poverty to combating HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases. The MDGs detail out 18 specific development targets, each of which has a target figure, a time frame, and indicators designed to monitor the extent to which the target has been achieved. United Nations Inter-Agency and Expert Group on the Millennium Development Goals Indicators and United Nations Millennium Indicators Database http://millenniumindicators.un.org

27. Some of the major urbanisation trends in the 21st century highlighted in the UN-Habitat 2006/2007 report include: � By 2030 There will be 5 billion people living in cities � Cities of the developing world will account for 95% of urban expansion in the next two decades and by 2030 will be home to 80% of the world�s urban population (4 billion people). � Sub-Saharan Africa has the world�s highest annual urban growth rate (4.58%) and highest slum growth rate (4.53%). � Over half the world�s urban population will be living in Asia (2.66 billion)

28. Slums: Some Definitions UN-HABITAT defines a slum household as a group of individuals living under the same roof in an urban area who lack one or more of the following: 1. Durable housing of a permanent nature that protects against extreme climate conditions. 2. Sufficient living space which means not more than three people sharing the same room. 3. Easy access to safe water in sufficient amounts at an affordable price. 4. Access to adequate sanitation in the form of a private or public toilet shared by a reasonable number of people. 5. Security of tenure that prevents forced evictions. http://regionalworkbench.org/USP2/pdf_files/state-world-cities/7-slums-definitions.pdfhttp://regionalworkbench.org/USP2/pdf_files/state-world-cities/7-slums-definitions.pdf

29. Slums: Neither Bricks nor Mortar, Non-Durable Housing � Worldwide, 18% of all urban housing units (some 125 million units) are non-permanent structures and at least 25% of all housing (175 million houses) does not meet urban construction codes. This figure, in reality, is probably much higher. � For every 10 non-permanent houses in the cities of developing countries, 3 or 4 are located in areas prone to floods, landslides, hurricanes and earthquakes. � More than 10% of the urban population in Sub-Saharan Africa lives in non-durable housing. � But in North Africa, 99% of the total urban population lived in durable houses in 2003. http://regionalworkbench.org/USP2/pdf_files/state-world-cities/7-slums-definitions.pdfhttp://regionalworkbench.org/USP2/pdf_files/state-world-cities/7-slums-definitions.pdf

30. UN Millennium Development Goals http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/ The Millennium Declaration was adopted by Member States of the United Nations in September 2000. It contains eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), ranging from eradicating extreme poverty to combating HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases. The MDGs detail 18 specific development targets, each of which has a target figure, a time frame, and indicators designed to monitor the extent to which the target has been achieved.

31. UN Millennium Development Goals Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women Goal 4: Reduce child mortality Goal 5: Improve maternal health Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability Goal 8: Develop a Global Partnership for Development

32. Global Facts and Figures (UN Habitat 2006)  The year 2007 marks a turning point in history. One out of every two people will be living in a city. Between 2005 and 2030, the world�s urban population is expected to grow at an average annual rate of 1.78 percent, almost twice the growth rate of the world�s total population By 2030 there will be 5 billion people living in cities Cities of the developing world will account for 95% of urban expansion in the next two decades and by 2030 will be home to 80% of the world�s urban population (4 billion people). One out of every three city dwellers lives in slum conditions. More than 53 per cent of the world�s urban population lives in cities of fewer than 500,000 inhabitants, and another 22 per cent of the global urban population lives in cities of 1 to 5 million inhabitants. By 2020, Mumbai, Delhi, Mexico City, Sao Paulo, New York, Dhaka, Jakarta and Lagos all will have achieved metacity status. The vast majority of slums, more than 90 per cent, are located in cities of the developing world, where urbanization has become virtually synonymous with slum formation.

33. Urbanization Process Three important trends characterize the urbanization process in this new urban era: The biggest cities in the world [metacities] will be found mainly in the developing world, having profound environmental impacts. Despite the emergence of metacities, the majority of urban migrants will be moving to small towns and cities of less than a million inhabitants. These intermediate cities are predicted to grow at a faster rate than any other type of city. The relative absence of infrastructure such as roads, water supply, and communication facilities, in many small and intermediate-sized cities make these cities less competitive locally, nationally and regionally, and leads to a lower quality of life for their citizens. Cities of the developing world will absorb 95 percent of urban growth in the next two decades, and by 2030, will be home to almost 4 billion people, or 80 percent of the world�s urban population.

34. Urbanization Process (cont.) Informal-or illegal-growth has become the most common form of housing production in the developing world. Improved infrastructure between rural areas and cities increase rural production and enhances rural residences� access to education, healthcare, markets, credit, information and other services. Enhanced urban-rural linkages also benefit cities through increased rural demand for urban goods and services and added value derived from agricultural produce Key ingredients for sustainable urban development: Inclusive and visionary urban planning and governance that includes slum upgrading and prevention. Pro-poor urban development policies that expand and improve opportunities for employment Experts have described the unprecedented rise in the number of evictions (6.7 million people in 60 counties between 2000 and 2002) as a global epidemic. This can be attributed to a variety of factors including globalization, which is putting pressure on national and local governments to beautify or clean-up their cities in order to become more competitive in the global economy. Metacities are defined as massive conurbations of more than 20 million people above and beyond megacities that will be found mainly in the developing world. They are currently gaining ground in Asia Latin America and Africa and are expected to cause significant environmental impacts. Also called hypercities, they gradually swallow up rural areas, cities and towns, becoming multi-nuclear entities counted as one.