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Migration Processes

Migration Processes. Section 2. Learning outcomes. What is migration Various forms of migration Gross and net migration Migration processes- why do people move? What groups of people tends to move- migration stream. Mobility Circulation and Migration. People are constantly on the move:

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Migration Processes

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  1. Migration Processes Section 2

  2. Learning outcomes • What is migration • Various forms of migration • Gross and net migration • Migration processes- why do people move? • What groups of people tends to move- migration stream

  3. Mobility Circulation and Migration • People are constantly on the move: • To work • Holiday • New house • New country • All movement is mobility • Circulation is used to describe the trips and journeys which return to the place from which they started e.g. holiday • Migration is a single trip, a permanent change of residence

  4. Types of migration • Internal migration: movement within a country • Inter-regional: movement from region to region within a country • Inter-urban: movement within a town • Rural-urban: from countryside to town • Urban- rural (counterurbanisation): town to countryside • International: movement from country to country

  5. Gross and net migration • Gross migration counts all flows: it is the total number of people who emigrate and immigrate • E.g. a country could lose 10,000 a year and gain 6,000. these are gross figures • Net migration: is the balance between the out and in migration. • E.g. above: this would therefore be 10,000-6,000= 4,000

  6. Migration processes • Barriers to migration- things which may stand in the way of moving e.g. money, unsure of new life?? • Sponsored migration: assisted packages for migration e.g. Australia paid £10 during the 1950/60s to British migrants encouraging them to move

  7. Push and pull factors • Push factors- problems migrants may have in their current place of residence • e.g war, famine, refugees, ethnic cleansing ( Rwanda, former Yugoslavia) • Pull factors- factors which attract migrants towards their destination • E.g. jobs, better housing, education

  8. Economic factors • People leave for the chances of a better job, a chance of making money. • Controversy in recent years of movement from LEDCs to MEDCs. E.g. Mexicans to USA. Illegal immigrants/ clandestine migrants, asylum seekers (e.g current situation at Calais, France) • Skilled migrants are sometimes called invisible migrants as they have good jobs and do not form ethnic clusters or cause problems

  9. Social factors • One example is joining other family members- current EU situation • This is also known as chain migration, male comes first, family members follow

  10. Cultural factors • Migrants try to join a group that share their religion, language and other cultural traits • E.g. in the UK in Leicester, there are mosques and temples for Asian religions and shops, cinemas etc

  11. Political factors • Colonialism saw many people move across the globe. • There are lots of Europeans in South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Canada • They bring with them their own cultures, economies etc

  12. Physical factors • Areas with a poor resource base, troubled with an unattractive environment, climate, vulnerable to storms, earthquakes etc tend to lose people • E.g. Island of Montserrat- most of population left in 1990s due to volcanic eruption. These people are known as environmental refugees

  13. Migration streams • Sometimes many people decide to make similar migrations- this is called mass migration • 55 million left Europe for new world destinations up until 1914. • The many people involved in such migrations took similar opportunities to relocate and this set up a migration stream. • Ireland to USA would be an international stream • North of England to London would be internal migration stream

  14. Composition of migration streams • Permanent settlers, refugees, skilled labour, economic migrants, retirees, arranged brides • Mainly they are young adults with no ties, mainly male. • Often families migrate in stages, the man first, then the wife and children • In LEDCs a lot of women are migrating to work in towns in TNC plants etc.

  15. Composition of migration streams (continued) • Migrants may also be selected by socio-economic class • There is not however 1 class that is prone to migration, but class differentials depend on circumstances • E.g. migration of Scots from the Scottish Highlands to North America was described as “shovelling out the paupers” • Today- a lot of migration is by skilled/qualified migrants

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