Migration

1. Migration

2. Concepts • The long term movement of people from one area to another • Movement out of an area is called emigration • movement inward is referred to as immigration

3. Concepts • Host Country= receiving country. • Donor Country=source country. • migration balance is the difference between the number of emigrants and the number of immigrants

4. Concepts • Net migration: the difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants in a country • Push factor: things that make people leave an area • Pull factor: things that attract people to an area • Barriers to migration: anything that makes migration difficult or impossible

5. Concept • Refugee: someone who leaves their country due to a well founded fear of persecution based on religion, politics etc. have been given refugee status in a host country • Asylum seeker: a person who applies for refugee status in a country to which they moved • Internally displaced person: someone who is forced to move within their own country due to persecution, conflict or internal disaster

6. Types of migration • Forced Migration. • Unemployment e.g. Ireland to England and USA 1930s to 1980s and current times • Natural disasters e.g. famines, floods etc. • War e.g. troubles in the Middle east • Religious persecution e.g. Pilgrim fathers to America. • Political persecution e.g. apartheid in the old South Africa.

7. Types of migration • Voluntary Migration. • Job prospects e.g. West of Ireland to the Dublin Region • Travel & Adventure e.g. Young Irish people going to Australia etc • Religious freedom e.g. Nigerian Christians in Ireland • Higher Living Standards e.g. better facilities in Cities • Climate e.g. Irish people on retiring moving to Spain etc

8. Types of migration • Intra-national: West of Ireland to Dublin. • Urban depopulation: Inner city to suburbs. • Regional: Connemara to Galway City. • Returning migrants: Philippino nurses going home after 2 years. • Seasonal: Students to USA on J1 visas & tourists

9. Effects of migration • Positive effects of Emigration on Donor country. • Safety valve reducing overpopulation. • Governments save on social welfare payments. • Remittances and Tourism.

10. Effects of migration • Negative effects of Emigration on Donor country. • Loss of young educated workforce i.e. brain drain e.g. Poland today. • Smaller home market. • Rural depopulation – an ageing population left behind resulting in fewer services. • Abandoned farms and farmhouses.

11. Effects of migration • Positive effects of Immigration on Host country. • Young educated workforce at no cost. • Mixing of cultures. • New skills brought in.

12. Effects of migration • Negative effects of Immigration on host country • Racism e.g. neo Nazism in Germany • Refugees • Overpopulation.

13. Migration in Europe • Migration from peripheral regions to core common • Migrants brought their families, high birth rates their numbers increased • low birth rate of the European core regions created a need for their labour • high oil prices led to a recession (1970s)= jobs lost, unemployment rose • 1990s=new wave of economic migrants from Eastern Europe (fall of the old Soviet Union and very low living standards)

14. Ireland and Migration • 1980s Ireland experienced a rapid economic growth • the country experienced an inflow of migrants – workers, refugees and asylum seekers from outside the EU • 1996 Ireland country of net immigration=due to demand for labour • permits issued to migrant workers grew from less than 6,000 in 1999 to about 50,000 in 2003

15. Ireland and Migration Patterns of Migration to Ireland • 1840s to 1950s: Post Famine: high emigration particularly from rural areas to US & UK • 1960s: world economic boom • foreign investment led to jobs in the industrial sector eg. Pfisers • Exports grew • living standards rose by 50% • Out migration fell sharply.

16. Ireland and Migration Patterns of Migration to Ireland • 1970s: first time since the Famine the 1970s saw immigration • 100,000 + people returned due to EU membership, skills shortages etc • 1980s: government debt and a restructuring of the CAP=led to a sharp rise in emigration. • different as it was predominately highly-educated people (brain drain).

17. Ireland and Migration Patterns of Migration to Ireland • increase in labour migration due to economic growth (cultural diversity) • 1995 -1999 Ireland had the second highest net migration rate • 2002 the number of refugees and asylum seekers has dropped due to the EU policy of “Safe Country of Origin” • removal of the right of automatic residency for parents of Irish born children • Citizenship Referendum removed Irish born child's automatic right to citizenship when the parents are non- Irish nationals

18. Ireland and Migration • From 2010-return to out-migration • 2010 net out migration was 34,500 (highest recorded since 1989) • 2009 figure was 7,800 • Included both Irish and non Irish nationals • Rate of out-migration is slowing down Irelands population growth

19. Migration policy in Ireland and the EU • Migrants from outside the EU have to apply for a work permit • Permits cater for high level skills (IT, science, biotechnology etc) crucial to the development of the economy • Attract companies with high valued jobs • Permit will only be issued if no suitable Irish national to fill the position

20. Four categories of permits 1. The Green Card Scheme: • Available for occupants with salaries of over 60,000 euro • Jobs in communications, IT, healthcare, construction etc • Issued for two years • May lead to permanent or long- term residence • Card holders permitted to bring spouses and families

21. Four categories of permits 2. The Work Permit: • For non-green card occupations in 30,000-60,000 annual salary range • Granted for two years • Can be extended for a further three years

22. Four categories of permits 3. Intra-Company Transfer Permit: • Allows Multinationals to transfer staff between branches on a temporary basis

23. Four categories of permits 4. New spousal/ Dependant Work Permit: • Allows the spouse and dependents of employment permit holders to live in Ireland and apply for work

25. Rights of migrant workers in Ireland • Permits granted to employees so they are free to change employer • Prevents bonded labour • Same employments rights and protection • Resident in Ireland for at lest 2 years to be eligible of social welfare • Permits will not be issued for jobs paying below minimum wage • Become an Irish citizen after five years of legal residency

26. Rights of asylum seekers/ refugees in Ireland • 2010: 260,730 people sought asylum in Europe (2,000 in Ireland) • Asylum seekers can arrive and apply for refugee status • 2005: 966 people granted refugee status in Ireland • Asylum seekers are not permitted to work, set up business or leave the state while application is being processed • Entitled to accommodation in specified centres across the country • Receive healthcare, education and welfare support • If refugee status is not granted, deportation is the next step • Once status granted the person has the same rights of any other national

27. EU Migration Policy Migration needed across Europe as most countries in stage 4 of DTM – migrants fill labour shortages Why is there a need for a migration policy? • Collapse of the USSR in 1992, large flow of migrants • EU countries have different rules. For example Ireland and the UK has restricted access to those from Bulgaria and Romania • Some countries receive more migrants than others, ie. Italy and Spain have high in-migration from Albania and North Africa • Illegal trafficking of migrant into the EU is increasing

28. EU Migration Policy Schengen Agreement 1995 – people allowed to move freely Benefits of common migration policy • A common migration policy would help reduce illegal trafficking of vulnerable people from outside the EU (€8b a year) • Share responsibility and help to support counties with high in migration ie. Spain and Italy • Processing applications for asylum quicker and easier • Common policy will make easier to obtain permits and residency

29. EU Migration Policy Problems with a common policy • Creation of a ‘Fortress Europe’ • Encouragement of an us and them mentality • Rights of genuine migrants might be restricted when faced with strict rigid rules

30. Fortress Europe • Xenophobia is the hatred or fear of foreigners migration management: • Militarised its borders. • Created obstacles to migration and asylum. • Set target-driven deportation programmes. • Removed the problem of asylum by removing asylum seekers altogether.

31. Impact of rural-urban migration Impact of rural to urban migration

32. Case study: developed world,Dublin Reasons for growth (pull factors) • Centre of government, thousands of jobs • Main port, source of employment • Recent centre of financial services • Major centre of education

33. Results of rural-urban migration 1. Urban Sprawl: • Dispersed city, growth at the edge of city • Not developed high rise like other EU cities • Expansion on edges and other towns greater distance away such as Gorey and Navan • Greater demand on houses result increase (car ownership increased) • House price Dublin 32% more expensive • Fuelled by in migration form those looking for work

34. Results of rural-urban migration 2. Traffic Congestion: • Higher employment levels mean more commuters to and from dublin • Poor public transport and higher housing costs near cities contributes • High house prices mean people travelling form outside the city • Under developed public transport system, better roads encourage people to drive • Creates congestion

35. Results of rural-urban migration 3. Services under pressure in dormitory town close to Dublin • Swords, Leixslip and Balbriggan under increasing pressure on services from rapidly expanding commuter population • Investment is required in education healthcare etc • Finding landfill sites is difficult (demand on houses) • Sense of community absent as people gone all day so little connection with place • Places like adamstown now built to control Urban sprawl

36. Affects on Rural Area • Rural depopulation – Work • Ageing population • Low marriage and birth rates • Imbalance in Male-Female ratio • Boys more likely to remain and work farm • Reduction in Services • Smaller pop cant maintain services e.g. football teams, schools etc • Lack of choice leads to resentment and bitterness

37. Solving problems of rural-urban migration 1. New towns on the edge of Dublin • 1960’s three new towns, Tallaght, Blanchardstown, Lucan-Clondalkin • Housing the over spill population • Adamstown 4 billion to construct (New Town) • Services are being put into place unlike towns of the 60’s • Retail, commercial and leisure services • 3 primary schools, 1 secondary school, crèches, fire station, 3 major public parks, rail station and bus corridor

38. Solving problems of rural-urban migration 2. National Spatial Strategy (NSS): • Trying to balance dev. across Ireland to control growth in Dublin • Aims to allow people to live and work locally • Investing in towns with gateway and hub status • Receive more investment in jobs and services • Reduce need for housing in Dublin

39. Solving problems of rural-urban migration 3. Investment in Transport infrastructure • Transport 21: plan to develop transport services across country • Investment to improve transport links to rural areas, encourage economic dev. • Reduce rural depopulation and provide more balanced economic dev. Of the country

40. Solving problems of rural-urban migration 4. Use existing land in Dublin carefully: • All derelict, vacant and underused land in the city will be identified to allow for redevelopment for housing • Better use of existing housing (shops who have unused apartments above them) • ‘living over the shop scheme’: encourage more people to live in the city and not move to the suburbs

41. Case study: Sao Paulo • Mega city with a population of 20million + • Fourth most populous city in the world • Most of growth due to the rural to urban migration

42. Reasons for growth (pull factors) • In 1950s and 1960s advertising campaign organised in poor rural areas to attract workers • Health and education services are better than rural areas • Successful migrants encourage family members to join them

43. Reasons to leave the countryside(push factors) • High unemployment rates due to mechanisation of farms • Wealthy landowners take land back from tenants (cash crops for exports) leaving ex tenants with no income • Health and education= poor/absent • Periodic droughts in north east Brazil force people to leave the land or starve

44. Problems caused by rural to urban migration 1. Growth of favelas: • Shanty towns and overcrowded slums cling to the hillside, homes to millions • 5% of population live in favelas which lack clean water, electricity, rubbish collection, sewage disposal • risk of disease is high • Dangerous hillside, flooded often leading to landslide • Many shelters made of wood, risk of fire is high • High unemployment many working in hidden economy ie. shoe shiner,no minimum wages etc • Over half the economy employed in this sector

45. Problems caused of rural-urban migration 2. Traffic congestion: • 1,000 new cars are bought on a daily basis • City the focus of several state roads • Large numbers of travellers and cargo pass through the city every day • Average speed in the city is 17km/h • Increased air pollution

46. Problems caused of rural-urban migration 3. Pollution • Air pollution levels are 2nd only to Los Angeles: due to traffic, domestic, industry and power plants • Land and water pollution from landfill and untreated sewage • High levels of poverty led people to be less concerned about unleaded petrol and smokeless fuels • Anti pollution methods are not enforced

47. Solving problems of rural-urban migration 1. Site and service schemes: • Government provides a site and a small concrete hut with basic amenities • Migrant has ownership rights and is expected to finish it at their own expense • Land and building materials can sometimes be provided and built by a group of migrants

48. Solving problems of rural-urban migration 2. Self help schemes (rehabilitation): • Residents of the favelas are given materials to improve existing shelters • Residents set up community schemes to improve health and educational services • Improving access to electricity, water and sewage disposal • Example Monte Azul Favela

49. Solving problems of rural-urban migration 3. Housing development: • Large areas of shanty towns cleared, tower blocks built and residents re housed • Best known is ‘Cingapura housing Project’ 4. Transport: • Underground metro system improving movement and reduces pollution • New roads, rail and bus services, parts of the CBD is pedestrianised • Parking restrictions in the city are common

50. Solving problems of rural-urban migration 5. Industrial estates: • New industrial estates with water supplies, sewerage systems and electricity supplies are built close to the favelas to provide business premises and jobs