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The Use of Laboratory Animals in Research

The Need for Animals in Research. Basic biologyDisease modelingSurgical technique developmentSafety and efficacy testing of pharmaceuticals and biologicalsToxicity testing of hazardous chemicalsTraining and teachingAdvantages over using humans include: the ability to control environmental and genetic variables and the ease of obtaining large test groups.

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The Use of Laboratory Animals in Research

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    1. The Use of Laboratory Animals in Research Stony Brook University Tom Zimmerman, DVM, MPVM, DACLAM DLAR Director

    2. The Need for Animals in Research Basic biology Disease modeling Surgical technique development Safety and efficacy testing of pharmaceuticals and biologicals Toxicity testing of hazardous chemicals Training and teaching Advantages over using humans include: the ability to control environmental and genetic variables and the ease of obtaining large test groups

    3. Laboratory Animals Historical Perspective 1726 First Measurement of Blood Pressure (Horse ) 1790 Vaccine for Smallpox Developed (Cow) 1888 Vaccine for Rabies Developed (Dog, Rabbit ) 1902 Malarial Life Cycle Discovered (Pigeon ) * 1905 Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis Discovered (Cow, Sheep ) * 1919 Mechanisms of Immunity Discovered (Guinea Pig, Horse, Rabbit ) * 1923 Insulin Discovered (Dog, Fish ) * 1928 Pathogenesis of Typhus Discovered (Guinea Pig, Rat, Mouse ) * 1932 Function of Neurons Discovered (Cat, Dog ) * 1933 Vaccine for Tetanus Developed (Horse ) 1942 The Rh Factor Discovered (Monkey ) 1943 Vitamin K Discovered (Rat, Dog, Chick, Mouse ) * 1945 Penicillin Tested (Mouse ) * 1954 Polio Vaccine Developed (Mouse, Monkey ) * 1956 Open Heart Surgery and Cardiac Pacemakers Developed (Dog ) 1964 Regulation of Cholesterol Discovered (Rat ) * 1973 Animal Social and Behavior Patterns Discovered (Bee, Fish, Bird ) * 1984 Monoclonal Antibodies Developed (Mouse ) * 1989 Organ Transplantation Advances Developed (Dog, Sheep, Cow, Pig ) * 1992 Laproscopic Surgical Techniques Developed (Pig ) 1995 Gene Transfer for Cystic Fibrosis Developed (Mouse, Non-Human Primate ) 2000 Brain Signal Transduction Discovered (Mouse, Rat, Sea Slug ) * 2001 Promising Drug for Prevention of AIDS Developed (Monkey ) * Denotes Nobel Prize winning work.

    4. Animal Use The National Academy of Sciences estimates 20 million vertebrate animals are used annually in research. This is less than 1% of the animals killed for food. Over 95% of all animals used in research are mice and rats. Less than 1% of the animals used in research are dogs, cats, and non-human primates. The total number of animals used have consistently dropped over the past 25 years. More than 99% of the animals used in research were bred specifically for that purpose.

    5. Regulations Governing Animal Research The Animal Welfare Act of 1966 (amended 4 times since its enactment) – USDA oversight, currently excludes mice, rats, and birds. Public Health Service Act – OLAW oversight, follows ‘The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals’ Institutions may voluntarily receive accreditation from AAALAC International.

    6. Animal Care and Use Regulations regulates all aspects of animal care such as size of caging, feeding, temperature, humidity states that dogs must have an exercise program and non-human primates must have an environmental enrichment program requires that each facility must establish an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) specifies that anesthesia and analgesia must be provided for all potentially painful procedures, surgery must be done using sterile technique states that personnel using animals must be properly trained

    7. The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee = IACUC Consists of at least one scientist, one lay person, and one lab animal veterinarian Review and approve (or request changes) all experimental protocols involving the use of animals Perform semi-annual inspection of all laboratories Protocol pre-review by vet before submission is strongly encouraged

    8. Enforcement of the Regulations Locally = IACUC - through protocol review and approval; semi-annual laboratory inspections program review State = New York Department of Health – unannounced annual inspections Federal = USDA – unannounced annual inspections and AAALAC – announced tri-annual inspections

    9. Conducting Animal Research at Stony Brook University

    11. DLAR Animal Facilities ?Approximately 100,000 square feet Core HSC facility – all species ? 3 main satellite facilities Computer Science – NHPs Life Science – frogs, rodents, rabbits, fish Psychology A – pigeons, rodents ? HSC, Comp Sci, and Psyche A have surgery suites

    14. Animal Ordering All animal orders are placed through DLAR Animals purchased from approved vendors OR provided by other institutions Rodents from non-commercial vendors have 2 month quarantine period

    15. Training DLAR Orientation Class Computer modules DLAR Web site One-on-one training Animal restraint and handling Experimental techniques = injections, blood collection, surgery

    17. DLAR Facility Access to Conduct Animal Studies Must attend DLAR orientation training session Must complete assigned web based modules assigned at orientation and print out completion certificates Must be listed on an approved IACUC protocol Must obtain Occupational Medicine Clearance Need to bring ID badge to DLAR Office with access request form and training completion certificates

    18. Questions?

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