East Asia in Turmoil: Mao Zedong, Korean War, and Cold War Tensions

1. Objectives • Explain how Mao Zedong and the communists gained power in China. • Describe the causes and progress of the war in Korea. • Identify the long-term effects of the Korean War.

2. Terms and People • Jiang Jieshi − Nationalist leader in China • Mao Zedong − Communist leader in China • 38th parallel − dividing line between North Korea and South Korea • Douglas MacArthur − World War II hero who commanded American troops in South Korea • limited war − war fought to achieve only specific goals • SEATO − Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, defensive alliance aimed at preventing the spread of communism in Southeast Asia

3. In the early 1950s, Cold War tensions erupted in East Asia, where communist and non-communist forces struggled for control of Korea. How did President Truman use the power of the presidency to limit the spread of communism in East Asia?

4. Pro-government Nationalists Jiang Jieshi U.S. Communist revolutionaries Mao Zedong Soviet Union AS Before World War II, China had been torn apart by a brutal civil war. Chinese Civil War Forces Leader Allies

5. During the war, the two sides formed an uneasy alliance to fight Japan. Despite U.S. aid, Jiang’s government faltered. Nationalist generals were reluctant to fight. Corruption was rampant. Once the war ended, however, civil war broke out once again, with renewed fury.

6. Mao built support by promising food to the starving population. Communist forces soon dominated. Jiang fled to Taiwan. Mao took control of the mainland, renaming it the People’s Republic of China.

7. Mao’s victory deeply shocked Americans. Communists seemed to be winning everywhere, extending their reach throughout the world. Communist regimes now controlled: • one fourth of the world’s landmass • one third of the world’s population

8. The next battleground was on the Korean peninsula. After World War II, Korea was divided into two countries along the 38th parallel. The Soviet Union supported North Korea and established a communist government there. The U.S. aided non-communist South Korea.

9. Summer 1945 Korea is divided along the 38th parallel into a Soviet-occupied north and an American-occupied south.

10. The crisis began when North Korean troops, armed with Soviet equipment, crossed the 38th parallel and attacked South Korea. Communist forces advanced far into the south, taking over much of the peninsula. U.S. war hero Douglas MacArthur eventually helped push them back, nearly to the Chinese border.

11. Summer 1950 North Korea invades South Korea. U.S. forces halt their retreat around Pusan.

12. Fall 1950 UN Forces land at Inch′on, break out of the Pusan perimeter, and advance to the Yalu River.

13. The situation worsened when China entered the war, sending 300,000 troops across the border. The U.S. now faced the possibility of all-out war against the world’s most populous nation.

14. Fall 1950–Winter 1951 Chinese and North Korean forces push UN forces back to the 37th parallel.

15. MacArthur favored invading China but Truman refused. He favored a limited war to help stabilize South Korea. Truman eventually fired MacArthur for insubordination. Once the communists were pushed back to the 38th parallel, a tense stalemate began. In time, the two sides agreed to a cease-fire. This agreement remains in effect today.

16. 1951–1953 UN forces advance to the 38th parallel in January 1951. A ceasefire in June 1953 ends a long stalemate.

17. There was no clear winner in the Korean War but the conflict had lasting effects in the United States.

18. Section Review Section 2 QuickTake Quiz Section 2 Know It, Show It Quiz